Explore the theme of Duality in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ Essay

First published in 1886, ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ was an immediate success and one of author Robert Louis Stevenson’s bestselling novels. It is a classic example of Gothic fiction and even though it may be seen as just a horror story, with accounts of violent murders and a disturbing, scientific experiment gone wrong, the book also explains the suppression of the Victorian society. Furthermore, Stevenson brought out further ideas of human psychology during the Victorian times, as the story explores the theme of duality in human nature; the idea that every person has two sides to themselves – a nicer, kind side which can also be seen as ‘artificial’ as it is displayed in social situations, whereas the sinister, darker side of man is unsuspected and hidden. This will be my main focus in the essay, analysing how Stevenson uses this theme of dual nature in his novel. ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ has another unusual twist because, after all the horrendous acts that have been committed and the unpredictable behaviour of the characters, it is only in the last chapter that the plot and the true dual nature of Henry Jekyll are revealed to the reader, through a letter that Jekyll leaves. It is in this letter that he describes in detail his theory of good and evil in one body, his scientific interests and what made him want to create such a potion that could separate his personality. Jekyll starts with an explanation of his family background and tells us how he was born to a â€Å"large fortune, endowed besides with excellent parts† showing that he had the best start in life and, even from an early age, it was clear that he had every chance of being successful in the future. This leads to the expectations of him, coming from a wealthy family with a high status in the Victorian times – Jekyll had to do what was expected of him and become a doctor or a lawyer, which he did achieve. He has all the money, respect and status and from the outside, Jekyll seems to have the perfect Victorian gentleman’s lifestyle. He lives up to this perfect life, putting on a show of having an honest nature, and maintaining good manners and respectable behaviour in public – â€Å"†¦he was now no less distinguished for religion. He was busy, he was much in the open air, he did good.† However Jekyll lives a double life, there’s more to him than the side that he displays in public. As much as he wants to be a good person and keep up his appearance, Jekyll finds it difficult to cover up his sinful side, where he feels the needs to commit bad deeds such as visiting prostitutes and going out drinking. It doesn’t clearly state what exactly it is that Jekyll wants, so it is left to the reader’s imagination. Even though it might not seem as bad to us in today’s society to drink and have sexual urges, it came across as ‘taboo’ in the Victorian times so we assume that it was in the immoral side of Jekyll’s nature to go round getting drunk and having sex. Furthermore if you had a higher status, it would be required of you to suppress these feelings so you wouldn’t be shunned upon for acting on your desires. Unfortunately it becomes more and more challenging each day for Jekyll to go on living with the two different sides within him, he â€Å"conceals his pleasures† for the reason that the position he has earned in society and his reputation, depend on it. Jekyll learns that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two†. Based on this theory, Jekyll researches and develops a potion that could allow him to try and split the two parts of him, so he can have two separate identities; one with a good nature and the other where he can give in to his darker desires without facing the consequences. After finally finding the right chemicals and substances, Jekyll puts together the potion and takes a sip, aware that he could be risking his life. As soon as he has taken the potion he begins to experience agonizing pains, the symptoms of which include â€Å"a grinding in the bones and deadly nausea†. However, all these pains disappear after a while and Jekyll starts to feel new, strange feelings he hasn’t felt before which he finds â€Å"incredibly sweet†. He sees â€Å"disordered sensual images† in his head and he instantly feels younger, stronger and happier. It seems as if, in a way, Jekyll has created a body to go with and represent his hidden personality and with just a gulp of the potion he has the power to transform himself into this other person, Mr Edward Hyde, whenever he wants. He realises that he now has an â€Å"unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul† and so he knows straight away that he can let out all the feelings he has k ept repressed for so long, that he can carry out the acts he has always desired, and commit sins without feeling that he guilt that he would have, as Jekyll. At first it seems as if the discovery of this potion was to Jekyll’s advantage; now he has another identity which allows him to do everything he has dreamed of doing, without paying the consequences. However Jekyll kept his darker side restrained for such a long period of time, and now that he can release himself through another body, the feelings that were repressed are now so strong that they become violent and lead to him causing harm to the society. Edward Hyde only appears briefly throughout the novel, and is first introduced through one of the other characters, Mr Enfield, telling the story of how he witnessed Hyde carelessly trampling all over a young for no apparent reason, late at night; this is what makes Hyde automatically come across as evil from the beginning of the story, to the readers. Robert Louis Stevenson also leaves what it is that Hyde gets up to, to the readers imagination too, but Hyde’s major appearance in the novel is when he brutally kills an old man known as Sir Danvers Carew (the local MP) using a stick and like the trampling of the young girl incident, without a motive. As Sir Danvers Carew is described as â€Å"an aged and beautiful gentleman† who is said to have â€Å"bowed and accosted Hyde with a very pretty manner of politeness†, it is oblivious to us what exactly it was that provoked Hyde to engage in such a horrifying murder. The fact that Hyde breaks out in a â€Å"great flame of anger† and trampled on Sir Danvers until his bones were â€Å"audibly shattered† and also that the heavy wooden cane he used to beat Sir Danvers with was broken in half, indicates the intensity of Hyde’s anger and how malicious the murder really was. The murder case brings out the cruelty in Hyde, and furthermore, represents the savagery within him and how animal like his nature is – how could a person kill another man so viciously, without even feeling the slightest bit of remorse? Hyde’s fury is described as â€Å"apelike† and the fact that his behaviour is linked to him being a beast or a savage animal all comes down once again, to the repression of Jekyll’s feelings – the monster in him comes out roaring. Once Jekyll transforms back into himself he realises just how awful the murder he committed as Hyde is and this leaves him feeling shocked and also worried about the amount of trouble he will be in, so therefore vows to never take the potion again. On the other hand, Hyde makes it impossible for Jekyll to stick to this vow. This is for the reason that Hyde loathes Jekyll; he wants to be this free, untamed personality all the time and so the power that he has over Jekyll grows more and more until Jekyll finds himself unwillingly transforming into Hyde at random times, without even needing to drink the potion. Jekyll becomes helpless and acknowledges that the only way he will ever be able to get rid of Hyde is by ending his own life. Throughout the novel, R.L. Stevenson uses language which portrays both Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde as two very different characters, both of their contrasting descriptions suggest that they are nothing alike and that they have nothing in common – they are both opposites. If it wasn’t for Jekyll’s will which shows us both characters are well acquainted, we would think that they have nothing to do with each other. As soon as Hyde is just vaguely mentioned in the novel, the other characters and the narrative descriptions use negative language directly towards him. They act as if they’ve been horrifically shocked by his facial features which makes the reader picture him as a repulsive looking creature, especially as he is said to be â€Å"pale and dwarfish† and that he â€Å"gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation†. The text even indicates that there is something so wrong with Hyde’s physical appearance that he can scare away the other characters in the book by simply looking at them – â€Å"but gave me one look, so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.† Also Hyde is often related to having animal-like characteristics and behaviour, linking to Darwin’s theory of evolution which was newly introduced in the Victorian times around the same period the story was set. The idea that humans had evolved from animals extremely shocked the Victorians. On one hand it was difficult for them to get their heads around the fact that humans descended from apes and that the human mind could be composed of animal element, since they strongly believed that God was the creator of the world and all the species, contradicting Darwin’s theory which challenged creation stories and religious beliefs. On the other hand it was highly disturbing for the Victorians to acknowledge that they too had descended from apes, when they thought that every individual had been uniquely made by God. It must have been especially frightening, for a Victorian to read The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and discover the beastlike aspects of Hyde which suggest that he is stuck in the phase of evolving from an ape into a human. This also reflects back to Jekyll creating the potion – by attempting to split his personality, he was tampering with God’s creation and going beyond the limits as a human. Jekyll goes too far with his experiments, resulting in disasters. The two different areas in London that Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde are associated with also differentiate from each other and reflect their contrasting personalities. Jekyll lives in Cavendish Square, a very wealthy area in the west end of London, symbolising the high status of the career that Jekyll has – he’s a d octor who is wealthy and respectable. Alternatively Hyde comes from Soho; one of the poorest areas in London with a bad reputation, at the time the story was set. It is described as a â€Å"dismal quarter† with â€Å"muddy ways† and â€Å"slatternly passengers† and was home to the disreputable and indecent places in the Victorian times, such as brothels and music halls – there was a â€Å"dingy street, a gin palace, a low French eating house, a shop for the retail of penny numbers† which indicates the low wealth of Soho. The â€Å"dingy streets† and cheapness of Soho makes the reader imagine dirty and grubby roads in comparison to those of Cavendish Square which are â€Å"as clean as a ball-room floor†. The quote â€Å"many ragged children huddled in the doorways† describes the poverty-stricken and deprived state of this area. Naturally this poorer area would have a higher crime rate than other areas in London, which is why it was where one might go to make dodgy deals, or where a person would be most likely to bump into criminals and beggars. Soho particularly reflects Hyde’s personality and the reader can see exactly why he would fit in so well in such a place, as he can be defined as a criminal in many occasions of the story. The theme of duality throughout the story is also reflected in other characters of the story and the setting too, as well as just Jekyll and Hyde. There are many cases where some of the characters are shown to be hypocrites and even lead double lives. For example, the policeman investigating the Carew murder case â€Å"lit up with professional ambition† when he comes to realise that it is the local MP whose death he is in looking into, and the advantages of this case for his career regardless of how brutally Sir Danvers Carew was killed. This hypocritical behaviour of the policeman clearly shows the reader his selfishness and that he cares more about what good it would do him to deal with something that would â€Å"make a deal of noise† than exposing a murderer. He knows that it would lead to his personal recognition within the community, as Sir Danvers was a gentleman who was highly looked up to so he seizes the chance. In addition to this Sir Danvers was said to be walking the street alone, late at night around the time of his murder so despite the fact that he appears to be so polite and innocent, is there no chance that he could have had another unsuspected side to him, too? Another example of a hypocrite would be the old woman at Hyde’s house, who is even said to have an â€Å"evil face, smoothed by hypocrisy†. On the hearing of Hyde being in trouble with the police, â€Å"a flash of odious joy appeared upon the woman’s face† meaning that it is to her satisfaction to hear about her master’s sins and involvement in crime when it’s her job to still be loyal and trustworthy towards him, regardless of any crime he has committed. Although there’s nothing more than a couple of sentences to these two little revelations in the novel, they reveal to the reader the true and double natures of people who we would expect better from. Even Jekyll’s house symbolises duality – firstly there are two entrances, a front door used by Jekyll and the back door used by Hyde, supporting that there are two sides to everything, and also that it seems less obvious to the reader that they are both the same person. The front section of the house consists of Jekyll’s general living space, and he commonly uses this area to throw dinner parties and gatherings. The hall is â€Å"warmed by a bright, open fire and furnished with costly cabinets of oak† which gives the impression of being very welcoming and comforting. Jekyll’s elegant home echoes a â€Å"great air of wealth and comfort† representing the character he acts as in public. The rear door which Hyde enters and leaves from is â€Å"blistered and distained† and leads to Jekyll’s laboratory and private room where Hyde is usually seen. The back rooms of the house don’t share the elegant interior and hospitable atmosphere of the front rooms making them seem as if they are not connected to each other. The laboratory is a â€Å"sinister block of building† with no windows which makes it significantly dark and depressing as there is no natural light coming in to the room. The negative language used links Hyde to the back section of the building and reflects his personality. We have already acknowledged that the theme of duality is related to the suppression of the Victorian society, as we know Jekyll’s double nature exists due to hiding his feelings. It was common for Victorians, gentlemen in particular, to suppress their feelings as status depended on reputation, making it difficult for them to give into pleasures that they des ire. An example of this is shown in Mr Utterson the lawyer, who solves the truth behind the story of Jekyll & Hyde. As his profession has a high status, he obviously has to live up to the good reputation he has – the quote â€Å"and though he enjoyed the theatre, had not crossed the doors of one for twenty years† shows that he refrains from doing the things he would like to, simply concealing his emotions. Likewise, Mr Enfield subtly implies that he is also hiding something when he quotes â€Å"I was coming home from some place at the end of the world, about three o’clock of a black winter morning† – as he doesn’t give any details about where he was and he was out so late, perhaps he was committing some type of sin, and giving into his suppression. The structure of the book continues to reflect the predominant theme of duality as it has a non linear narrative with a number of characters narrating the different chapters of the story. This suggests that there are more than two ways of looking at something, as the reader gets to see the same event through the eyes of different people and learn about their varying viewpoints, which backs up the author’s theory that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two†. Although it is effective for us to be told the story from multiple perspectives, since it creates more of a mysterious tone throughout the novel and sets the suspense, it is quite biased as the accounts we are told from the different characters are based on their individual emotions and opinions regarding the events. I believe that Stevenson succeeds in getting his belief of dual nature in humans, across to the readers throughout the novel as the overall message of the book is that the human personality can be split into several parts. There is no one person who is all pure, or all evil, each and every one of us has different personalities and people living within ourselves. At one point in life, all humans will have put on a faà §ade, pretending to be a different person in public whilst their true emotions remain hidden inside. Stevenson explores this concept in depth, and the conclusion is that there will never be just one way of looking at something; there is never just one side to a story.

Advertising to Lgbt Community

Advertising to LGBT community: Producing ads that cater to gay audience is complex, and neither the pro- nor the anti-gay market view appears to be adequately addressing the issues. The problem seems to be that both demand that advertisements show life not â€Å"it should be† rather than how â€Å"it is†. We have observed in various case studies that we have followed in our course of ‘Integrated Marketing Communication’ that advertisers mostly tend to show lives a shade brighter than it really is, especially in those campaigns where we are trying to sell products by making the consumer feel good about themselves.This approach however leads to the LGBT invisibility and homophobic representations. Even when the LGBT people are identified as target segment or forming some part of the target segment, stereotype creeps into the picture. In the next segment, we talk about stereotype in marketplace. The Stereotype in marketplace Stereotype haunts LGBT people not o nly in streets but also in media and in marketplace. In marketplace, stereotyping may not be because of a bias or a preconceived notion about the community. It can be because of incomplete information – a bane for any marketer.For instance, we have already discussed that collecting gay and lesbian demographic data is way too difficult. Although law is more favorable and dare we say accepting to the community, cultural issues still hinder people to come all out about their ‘unconventional’ sexual and gender orientations. Now this difficulty in gathering data has consequences, such as that people of modest income and poorer people are ignored as part of the gay market. They are hence absent from gay images in marketing, as they usually are in mainstream ads.Economic stereotype An ideal gay consumer would usually be stereotyped as affluent, educated, and childless. This apparently contrasts with better representative observations of gay, lesbian, and bisexual consum ers. As the famous economics professor Lee Badgett in his paper â€Å"Income Inflation: The Myth of Affluence among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Americans,† notes: â€Å"Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not earn more than heterosexual people; gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not live in more affluent households than heterosexual eople; two studies show that gay men earn less than similarly qualified heterosexual men. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people are found throughout the spectrum of income distribution: some are poor, a few are rich, and most are somewhere in the middle, along with most heterosexual people. † As it is widely observable fact that on an average, women get paid lesser than men in similar jobs in most part of the world, a female homosexual household would obviously be poorer than their male counterpart or a heterosexual household.Also, female homosexual couple is more likely to have children than a male homosexual household and so on. Behavioral stereotype: In media gay men are often portrayed as sissies, gaudy flamers, intimidating, always on the prowl and/or pedophilic sexual predators. Similarly lesbians are depicted mostly as misandrist feminists and (worst of all) as an object of heterosexual men’s feminine fantasies. Challenge to advertisers Big task of advertisers here, would be to distance themselves from these preconceived imagery and to produce a gay image of relevance yet recognizable.

A Personal Recount on Volunteering at the Citizen Jane Film Festival

A Personal Recount on Volunteering at the Citizen Jane Film Festival This film festival is the most unique, inspirational and crucial festival out there, and the women of Stephens are truly blessed to be such a substantial part of it. Citizen Jane features the best of these women who work so hard to get their names in out in a male dominated industry. Citizen Jane administers them a voice in this male dominated industry. This festival gives credit to numerous talented independent filmmakers and showcases their beautiful, conceptual and ingenious masterpieces. Hopefully one day I will be amongst these women. Being from Columbia, I had heard a bit of what Citizen Jane was about but it wasn’t until last year that I truly got the full experience. I was a senior in highschool who had just finished working as an extra on the short film I Am One directed by Steph Borklund, who happened to be one of the volunteer coordinators, when I started getting emails about volunteering at Citizen Jane. With my new found passion for movies, I decided it would be a good opportunity to get to see the festival life. I signed up and became a part of the merch crew, unfortunately I had gotten into a car accident days before the festival and was only able to make it to one of my shifts, but that was enough. Even though merch wasn’t the most exciting or inspirational, I fell in love with the atmosphere of the festival. It felt like somewhere I belonged. This year my luck with volunteering was also terrible, but I was able to make it too a panel called â€Å"The Stories We Tell†. In this panel 4 directors, with films at the festival, talked about how they got into making movies, what inspired them and various other questions from the audience. I was mesmerized, each of the women had such interesting opinions on various things. The panel made me realise that making movies was possible. When you go to see a movie you never really think about the director, they are just a name on the screen who made something magical happen before you. Getting to sit down with some of these ladies opened up a whole new world, it made the movies more tangible, you end up having a deeper connection to the movie after learning what went behind it. Many of the women on the panel said things that have stuck with me, one being â€Å"it was filling my bank account but it wasn’t filling my heart.† Patricia Krenwinkel, director of Life Af ter Manson, said this as she was talking about how she moved from studio work to doc films. I think it resonated with me so much because of the fact that nowadays so many people are so obsessed with getting money that they end up in situations where they hate what they are doing, and her being a woman and dropping everything to go after what she loved was truly inspirational. Another thing I absolutely loved was the collaboration between Leah Meyerhoff, director of I Believe in Unicorns, and her lead actress, Natalia Dyer. She said that she had an idea of where she wanted to go with the film but it wasn’t until she had found her lead actress that the pieces fell into place, and that Natalia inspired the film just as much as her own mind. I think collaborations between actors and directors to make films is an incredible one because then its not only â€Å"the directors film† but a little bit of everyone goes into it. If I am ever graced with the opportunity to be a dire ctor or actor in a film this would be the relationships I would aim to have. Next year I plan to volunteer, knock on wood. I would love to help out in any way I can, this festival is ran almost solely on the work and hours put in by volunteers and I believe what you put into it you get out of it, and then some. The movies are the main focus, but if I could give any advice to festival goers it would be to do the extra stuff. There is where you truly learn the most and experience the true essence of the festival. As a filmmaker in training showcasing my work at Citizen Jane would be an honor, I would love to have an impact on a young girls dreams as some of these women have done for me.

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Child Language - Essay Example They have asserted that behaviorist explanations of language acquisition cannot account for it. According to the behaviorists, to learn language is to learn a sequence of stimulus-response links. The child's internalized "rules" (the sneer quotes are the behaviorist's, who does not deign to use such language) are similar to the "rules" involved in motor sequences like brushing one's teeth and tying shoe laces, or in any other well-learned motor activity. Against this, Chomsky and his followers have argued that the child cannot be seriously maintained to have learned a different set of stimulus-response links for each utterance he makes (Chomsky, 1965). Life is too short for learning all the word strings we use. According to the semantic approach the child learns how different meanings are expressed by different sentence structures ( Quine, 1972). One might have expected such an approach to be formulated very soon as a reaction against behaviorist explanations, with their complete neglect of meaning. But such was the stranglehold of behaviorism on theory construction that the semantic approach was not formulated for a long time. The behaviorist edifice succumbed only to the truculent attacks of Noam Chomsky. Chomsky's linguistic theory, transformational grammar, gave rise to an alternative approach to language (Chomsky, 1986). Chomsky as a b Chomsky as a behaviorist conceptualizes discrimination learning in language Discrimination learning ensues when adult use of a word conflicts with that of the child. The process will be somewhat as follows (Baker, and McCarthy, 1981): (1) the child encounters something that reminds him of a paired referent, whether because it resembles it or because it was previously experienced in contiguity with it; (2) the adult uses for this new instance a word which differs from that learned for the paired referent; and subsequently (3) the child notices certain salient attributes in which the new instance differs from the paired referent. For instance, (1) the child sees a horse that reminds him of the referent of the previously learned word "doggie"; (2) the adult calls it "horse"; and (3) the child notices that the horse, unlike doggie, has a mane. The latter property may henceforward operate as a discriminating cue: It will be a NEGATIVE CUE for the word "doggie", and a POSITIVE CUE for the word "horse". To forestall a possible misunderstanding, I want to point out that this earlier discussion is intended to explain how the child delimits the use of words, and not how he acquires distinctions between things. That is, the previously discussed process is not claimed to lead to his distinguishing between, for example, dogs and horses. On the contrary, the ability to make such a distinction--on the basis of differentiating properties, such as the horse's mane--is presupposed here (for, otherwise, how could he ever find out when to use "doggie" and when to use "horse"). The child may become aware of the difference between a horse and a dog--or between two different dogs, for that matter--without adult prompting. The issue here, however, is the child's use of words: To learn the correct use of a word it is not sufficient just to perceive differences between referents, but the child must also observe how these differences correlate with the applicability and nonapplicability of the word ( W exler & Culicover, 1980). The child is innately not acquiring the correct grammar;

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 79

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U02d1 Corporate Responsibility for Compliance Essay

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The use of photography as evidence - Essay Example is fundamentally appropriate as it becomes more common and affordable, in case of questioning the existing safeguards in the rules of evidence which are complement the verification of the totality of visual evidence as captured and stored in a digital articulation. Questions regarding photography as evidence are so discrete that it might more distinguishingly be apprehended as a series of abstracted questions. With time concern, though a couple of centuries old, photography has gone through a tremendous gradation of technical developments, and as a result, it is well distinguished in today’s scenario as compared to what it was at its bearing. This paper attempts to facilitate a critique of the cases which influence in the evaluation of the role of photography as an evidence. Furthermore, the emergence of the cases over a period of time, with reference to the accommodation of photojournalism in order to provide evidence is also outlined. With appropriate spreading as time passed by, photography is viewed as the most accurate representation of the reality or truth because, as such, it was equalized with truth; people seemed to believe that photography could not lie. There were many pictures which belonged to the early times and revealed to man the factuality he has not even suspected to exist, for example, countries which he had never seen, or monuments he did not know about. Throughout the photography’s history, there have been a number of instances inclusive of relevant manipulations of photographs which have been acknowledged as real and truthful. However, with the advent of digital imaging in the early 1980s, the photographic circles were subjected to the fears regarding the aggravating dishonesty of photography. Several prominent cases have depicted such fear, chiefly, one of the most eminent, was a picture published on the cover of the National Geographic in the year 1982, which demonstrated a group of B edouins befalling the pyramids of Gysa (Photography

The European Debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The European Debt Crisis - Research Paper Example The crisis accentuated the economic interdependence of the EU, as it highlighted the deficiency in the Eurozone’s political integration which was vital for the provision of a well-harmonized and effectual financial response. To ease the debt crisis and improve economic status, EU’s richest members encouraged the most highly indebted EU members to cut down on government expenditures and programs and to increase their taxes. Despite efforts, market instability continued until the end of 2011, thus questioning the future of the euro (Alessi). This paper will discuss the European debt crisis and the mitigation measures implemented to resolve the issues. The European Debt Crisis The  Maastricht Treaty outlined the conditions for European nations aiming to be a eurozone member by organizing its finances through guaranteeing an annual inflation not exceeding 1.5%; maintaining finance debits up to 3% of GDP; and keeping a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60%. The European nations agre ed to tighten budgets by decreasing public expenditures and increasing tariffs. However, the enforcement of the EU conditions was not strictly implemented (Wignall and Slovik). Since the 1930s, the European Union was in serious economic downturn with actual GDP expected to plummet by 4% in 2009, the biggest decline ever recorded in the EU history. While indications of improvement have been observed, economic revival stays improbable. The response of the EU to the recession had been fast. Besides the intervention to steady and restructure the banking sector, the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) was commenced in 2008 for re-establishing reliance and reinforcing demand by increasing the economy’s purchasing power through balanced tactical financial schemes and measures that would support the business and employment sectors. The entire economic incentive and the outcomes of regulated fiscal stabilizers total 5 percent of European GDP (â€Å"Economic Crisis in Europe: Cause s, Consequences and Responses†). The execution of crisis emergency measures by European members momentarily sustained the labor markets and heightened investments in the public infrastructure companies. To guarantee the economic resurgence and to continue the European nations’ future development possibilities, the focus must change from temporary demand administration to a long-term supply management, otherwise, it could hamper EU’s reformation or build damaging deformations to the Internal Market (â€Å"Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses†). European Crisis Mitigation Measures In 2010, the leading European nations implemented an emergency protocol to cease the mounting fiscal market strains arising from distress about the financial recovery of indebted European nations (Ahearn et al). Financial Aid to Greece, Portugal, and Ireland In 2009, existing alarms concerning the sustainability of household finances in some Eurozone nation s started when the sentiments of financiers turned against Greece. Over the past ten years, Greece had loaned deeply in the global capital markets to sustain soaring government expenses, banking system inflexibilities, and deteriorating competitiveness (Nelson). Access to funds at minimal interest rates and poor imposition of EU regulations regarding debit limits facilitated the onset of today’s European sovereign debt dilemma (Nelson et al). Greece, Ireland, and Portugal have been given considerable financial supports by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Eurozone and EU monetary

E-Business Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

E-Business Strategy - Term Paper Example The development of an e-business strategy for CitiBank is one of the areas of development which can provide more available options to those interested in the business. Introduction The development of Citibank is one which is providing for new opportunities and services to be available, all which will provide a stronger relationship to customers through the use of e-business. Citi Bank began in 1987 with a focus on providing banking solutions to customers through various financial segments. The company is organized into two main segments, one which is based on Citi Corp and the other on Citi Holdings. The Citicorp consists of the products and services with regional consumer banking first. This includes retail banking, citi – branded credit cards and Latin American asset management. There is also a segment for institutional clients, which offers services of securities and banking and transaction services. In this sector, an institution can take part in investment banking, debt a nd equity markets, lending, private equity, hedge funds, real estate, structure products, private banking and equity and fixed income research. The transaction services consist of cash management, trade services, custody and fund services, clearing services and agency / trust services. The Citi Holdings also carries two segments. The first is inclusive of brokerage and asset management and the second is based on local consumer lending as well as a special asset pool. The brands are divided by the services which individuals and institutions require, ranging from mortgages to microfinance opportunities. There are over 200 million accounts held at Citi with 160 countries and jurisdictions that are served by the corporation (Citi Bank, 2011). The different products and services which are offered by Citi Bank are further defined by the governance guidelines which work as a foundation for the bank services and products. The governance is held by a board of directors which creates a relati onship to the stakeholders, communities and managerial staff of Citi bank. The Board Members are elected by a confidential vote and are inclusive of 13-19 members that are responsible for the direction of the company. The driving force of the company is to create the ability for those who work with the bank to have access to responsible financing. This is based on the internal environment working with those in need, specifically so there is a return in responsibility for the financing. This also creates a response to value those who are using the financial services, specifically by creating relationships for specific needs and to provide services that offer alternatives for banking. The concept is followed by social responsibility, including giving to foundations, microfinancing and services that are used for asset building by individuals (Citi Bank, 2011). The approach which Citi Bank has toward financial services is one which has led it into being one of the top recognized banks g lobally. The first quarter earnings for 2011 led to a total of $3.0 billion, compared to $1.3 billion in the last quarter earnings of 2010. The earnings per share went up from $0.10 from $0.04 and the book value per share has risen by 15% from the prior year. The first quarter revenue of $19.7 billion was a profit from the last quarter by 7%. The credit losses also declined at an average of 25% from the first quarter of 2010. However, the assets have decreased,

Downsizing Definition Essay Example for Free

Downsizing Definition Essay Downsizing occurs when a company permanently reduces its workforce. Corporate downsizing is often the result of poor economic conditions or the company’s need to cut jobs in order to lower costs or maintain profitability. Downsizing may occur when one company merges with another, a product or service is cut, or the economy falters. Downsizing also occurs when employers want to â€Å"streamline† a company – this refers to corporate restructuring in order to increase profit and maximize efficiency. Downsizing results in layoffs that are often followed by other restructuring changes, such as branch closings, departmental consolidation, and other forms of cutting pay expenses. In some cases, employers are not fired, but instead become part-time or temporary workers to trim costs. In a business enterprise, downsizing is reducing the number of employees on the operating payroll. Some users distinguish downsizing from a layoff, with downsizing intended to be a permanent downscaling and a layoff intended to be a temporary downscaling in which employees may later be rehired. Businesses use several techniques in downsizing, including providing incentives to take early retirement and transfer to subsidiary companies, but the most common technique is to simply terminate the employment of a certain number of people. Recentll, countrys largest cell phone company Grameenphone, has embarked on major operational cost-cutting measures that include the downsizing of its manpower in some specific sections of the company. GrameenPhone is the largest mobile phone company in Bangladesh. In the midst of lack of communication means, GrameenPhone has introduced an effective and user-friendly mobile phone network. It has put a positive impact on the lifestyle of the people of Bangladesh.It is one of the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation. Telenor is the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 51% shares of Grameenphone. It is amongst the oldest, most sophisticated, and diversified telecom companies in the world. Grameen Telecom itself owns 35% shares, 9.5% shares are held by Marubeni Corporation in japan and the remaining 4.5% shares are held by Gonofone Development Corp in New York. In addition, three leading international financial institutions the International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank and the Commonwealth Development Corporation are also shareholders of GrameenPhone. The three organizations each hold three per cent of preferred shares of GrameenPhone. It was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Grameenphone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. At present around 4800 employees, both permanent and contractual, are working in different sections of the GP. But the sudden decision to downsize its manpower has created panic among most employees of the company that saw substantial rise in its annual profit-earning in recent years. The victims of the latest cost cutting measures are in most cases permanent employees who worked in the sales and services departments. The company has abolished its logistics services in all regional offices and in the case of sales it has reduced the number of posts and declared the remaining post vacant. Interestingly, it has asked all the sales staff either to compete a fresh for the vacant posts or take an attractive exit package. Management is saying it is a part of the business alignment process, Through a so called performance evaluation process the company is conducting termination of permanent employee who were meant to be loyal and efficient. Even in many cases employees are being forcefully asked to leave the organization. some of the employees have complained that Grameenphone’s management has threatened them to submit their resignation letter otherwise they will be mentally humiliated as well as downsized at work. From employee source it is found that in many cases the company is violating the Bangladesh Labor Act 2006 but the government or the labor law enforcement bureau is not taking any actio n. The statistic shows that last year the company profit incensement was almost 205% and the employee of the company was suppose to get a potation of the profit as per the company policy. But it never happened. As Grameenphone’s profit already is in increase as per last year’s report than the company should provide a valid reason of termination of such a large number of employment within a short time. Recently the management have introduces a new system of re-interview within the company to ensure the existing position of the individuals. Management has claimed this process as a part of performance evaluation tool which has made the employee to raise their voice against this injustice. By using such words like ‘Business Alignment’ and ‘Change in structure’ actually the company is terminating the employment of permanent employee who has given his 8 hours of every single day with loyalty to built this organization to this height. Even in some cases the company had forced some of the female employee to attend the interviews during their maternity leave and terminated their employment contract as claiming the employee is less productive for the company which is a direct violation of Bangladesh labor Act 2006. Employees have claimed that the management is not providing any written announcement or instruction but verbally they are asking to leave the organization through phone calls and general meeting. This year the government has announced 11% inflation rate but Grameenphone being a multination company has provided only 0%-5% incensement to it’s employees though it’s quarterly report shows almost 81% increase op profit with is this year. Back in 2009 Almost 1500 permanent employees are asked to leave the organization without any valid reasons but based on performance evaluation process. So how come the number of termination became so high based on performance evaluation process after a certain period of time every year? And how downsizing a large number of senior employees into junior position became ethical practice or business alignment process? As a Norwegian company people had a better expectation from Grameenphone but now it seems to be the reason behind of distraction of hundreds of employee’s career.

Impact of London Hosting the 2012 Olympics

Impact of London Hosting the 2012 Olympics â€Å"London 2012’s ambition is to create a Games for everyone, where everyone is invited to take part, join in and enjoy the most exciting event in the world† ( www.london2012.com ). This is a laudable aim for those who are charged with the responsibility for producing the Games in London. The aim of this study is to look at the potential impact of hosting the Games for Britain and how this reflects the ideology of those who are running it. In order to assess the potential impact of the Games on Britain, one needs to investigate the success or otherwise of other major sporting events that have been staged in the past. The most notable or should I say notorious failure in terms of the Olympics was the Montreal Games; Henry Aubin, a Canadian newspaper columnist commented that the Games had been â€Å"a financial disaster. There has not been a single successful legacy of the Olympics† (from Evening Standard, Nov. 2006). The event itself was poorly organised from the start, with the result that it took the organisers thirty years to pay for the Games in their entirety; this is something that Lord Coe and his team need to bear in mind. In more recent times, Olympic Games have been run much more efficiently and have left not only a financially positive mark, but also left a legacy in terms of facilities and economic benefits which reflected not only the efforts but the ideology of those who were in charge. In Barcelona the people of the city and indeed the Spanish nation as a whole were involved in the project. The organisers realised that they needed the wholehearted support of the people, particularly the citizens of Barcelona. Their attention to detail was very impressive, even down to inviting comments to be made about road improvements before going ahead with them to give the people a sense of ownership of the developments that were taking place. The ideology that is being reflected here is that the Games are for everyone and that all can have an active part in its ultimate success (or failure). The city already had a good deal that was positive about it before plans to hold the Games began, not least a hugely successful football team in Barcelona FC along with their impressive stadium. The organisers highlighted the need for urban redevelopment to provide better facilities for the people in terms of sport, leisure, art, media, housing and transportation. Their other concern was to develop the tourist trade by improving the overall image of the city and the surrounding areas. It was evident that â€Å"†¦there was a clear strategy for the post-event use of this area, which has subsequently become part of the city’s tourist attractions and as such, seems to have had a positive effect on the city† (Roche 2000, P 145). The philosophy was clear from the outset – the desire to provide an excellent Games to reflect well on the city at the same time as providing benefits for the people of Barcelona in the long term through redevelopment and through tourism. The organising committee commented that â€Å"the †¦ direct beneficiaries are the citizens of Barcelona whose surroundings have been immeasurably improved† (Roche 2000, P 144). This statement is borne out by the physical improvements that were left in the city; a new waterfront and residential area, a new international airport, two new skyline communication towers, six new sports stadia (with another being extensively refurbished), a new museum of contemporary art, a remodelled Catalonian arts museum and new media facilities. Roche (2000, P 144) concludes that â€Å"the social policy aim was successfully achieved through, among other things, the new sports facilities, transport and housing built in a deprived city area.† The aims of the organisers of the Manchester Commonwealth games were along similar lines, â€Å"to leave a lasting legacy of sporting facilities and social, physical and economic regeneration† (www.gameslegacy.co.uk). The ideology of the government and the local organisers was one of progressive development across a number of areas through sound investment, marketing, planning and implementation. The New East Manchester Partnership aimed to double the local population, to build new homes, to create a new town centre with a large area for retail provision, to create a business park and to construct a  £100 million sports complex with a 48,000 capacity stadium. The Sportcity complex includes the City of Manchester Stadium, the Regional Athletics Arena, the National Squash Centre, the National Cycling Centre, the Regional Tennis Centre, the English Institute of Sport and numerous hotels, bars, cafes, restaurants and a superstore. The benefits of this complex alone include  £1 51 million investment in sports and leisure- a large amount of which was secured from Sport England ( £165 million split between facilities construction and the provision for the athletes themselves), local people being involved in building the venues, community access guaranteed through targeted sessions at the venues, facilities being made available to local schools and clubs as well as people being trained as local sports coaches. â€Å"The transformational impact of Sportcity, in particular in re-positioning East Manchester as an attractive area to invest, would not have been possible without the Games† (Manchester City Council from www.gameslegacy.co.uk). Over the next fifteen years the area expects to attract in the region of  £2 billion of investment from both the private and public sectors as a direct result of staging the Games and enabling people to rediscover Manchester as both a business and tourist destination. Both of these events and the subsequent positive effects that have been seen and felt by the community and the nation have led there to be a drive to stage further large events either in the country or even in the cities themselves. These successful ventures have led to an increased desire for the ‘feel good factor’ that is generated to be sought again. The communities in both Barcelona and Manchester fully supported the events that were being staged, which was evidenced by the huge demand for tickets for both Games. Hence both Spain and the United Kingdom have bid to host subsequent major events, with London securing the 2012 Olympic Games. The reasons behind the London bid for the Olympics are many. The bid began with the vision of the British Olympic Committee who felt that following the success of the Manchester Commonwealth games in terms of planning and eventual delivery, a credible case could be made for London to host the 2012 Games. The Mayor of London and the government were encouraged to see the vision for the future of sport in the United Kingdom and â€Å"strategies were developed and deployed around regeneration, legacy, employment, tourism, new housing and health of the nation† (www.olympics.org.uk). The ideology that is displayed here is one of community, encouraging the nation to take part in a global sporting event just for the event in itself but also for the improvement of the nation in a number of ways; the kudos of running a global event would put the United Kingdom in the spotlight and potentially lead to foreign investment for the economic betterment of the country as a whole; the opportuni ties for employment both pre and post Games; the chance to enhance the lives of those in the East End of London through the provision of new housing and sports facilities as well as the regeneration of a very run down area of the capital; the opportunity to improve the health of the nation as a whole (particularly its children) through increased awareness of sporting opportunities provided across the country and through a better understanding of the need to eat a healthy diet. There is also the direct sporting legacy which will exist as a result of the provision of world class facilities which can be accessed by both elite athletes and the general public. The ideas could not solely be based on the sporting angle and had to be a multi-dimensional benefit package in order for the government to be willing to underwrite the whole venture. A successful Games would bring untold benefits not only to the capital but the country as a whole; Baroness Valentine eluded to this when she said â⠂¬Å"the 2012 Games offer a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to transform an exhilarating but rundown part of London and, most importantly, transform the lives of people who find themselves excluded from London’s booming economy† (Evening Standard March, 2007). Those who were opposed to hosting the Games focused on the negative experiences of the cities who had made huge losses in the past and the fact that the direct benefits would only be felt by those in London and the surrounding area (with the notable exception of the sailing venue). Many highlighted the ideological vision of inclusion and opportunity for all as being undermined by the way that little consideration had apparently been given to hosting more of the events away from the capital and the financial effect that this event might have on the United Kingdom as a whole. Glyptis (1989) comments that when looking back on major events such as the Olympics, â€Å"virtually all provision had been made on the basis of assumed need and assumed benefit† which was rarely backed by evidence. Pete Wishat, Scottish Nationalist Member of Parliament for North Tayside voiced concerns when he said â€Å"I am strongly opposed to the UK taxpayer underwriting the entire cost, regardless of what that cost my finally be – and particularly when there is a very real danger of the London bid soaking up lottery funding from Scotland and elsewhere in the UK† (Daily Telegraph December, 2003). The experiences of the problems with the Millennium Dome also loomed large in people’s minds with regard to the eventual use of the facilities that were proposed for the Olympic Park. They did not want to have a financial millstone around their neck. They also voiced their concerns over the legacy that would be left – how could guarantees be given with regard to not only the facilities but also the sporting legacy for elite athletes and benefits to the nation as a whole through increased participation? Supporters of the event held a different and ultimately successful view; â€Å"increasingly sports events are part of a broader strategy aimed at raising the profile of a city and therefore success cannot be judged on simply a profit and loss basis† (Gratton, Henry, 2001 P 36). The National Heritage Committee (1995) stated that â€Å"it is clear that bids to stage major sporting events†¦ can operate as a catalyst to stimulate economic regeneration even if they do not ultimately prove successful.† They drew upon the experiences of the organisers of the Manchester Commonwealth Games who were left with a superb legacy in terms of urban regeneration, better sporting facilities for all and increased employment opportunities. â€Å"The Games are a shot in the arm for the UK economy at this difficult time, offering jobs on the Olympic Park for the previously unemployed and millions of pounds worth of contracts for UK businesses† (John Armitt, www.london2012.com). T he lasting effects of a venture such as this can be seen above through the experiences of Manchester following the hosting of the Commonwealth Games. The Western Mail (2005) stated that â€Å"while other nations boasted of their ability to run a smooth Games, Lord Coe’s team told the world how much it would mean to the future of this country and the Olympic movement if London was given the opportunity to stage the 2012 Games.† Lord Coe continued the theme of legacy when he said â€Å"we’re serious about inspiring young people because they will be touched most directly by our Games† (The Mirror July, 2005). There is also the ‘feel good factor’ of improved mood and morale in the country which can never be underestimated, as was evidenced by the huge crowds for the parade held in London for the medallists from the Beijing Olympics – â€Å"even though they are not present at a sports event, millions may gain benefits of this nature from it† (Gratton, Henry 2001 P 31). Many more can be reached as a result of the influence of the media and the blanket coverage that an event such as this receives and this has been a factor which has made sport far more important to all nations in recent years (Houlihan 1997). This has the effect of â€Å"enhancing the market benefits to the cities† (Gratton, Henry 2001 P 37) in terms of business investment and tourism and it also enables millions to be inspired by the efforts of others to participate in sport themselves. Overall the evidence that is available covering recent major sporting events would indicate that there will be a positive legacy for both London and the UK as a whole in hosting this event, as â€Å"†¦the real value of the games comes from being associated with the Olympic image† (Burbank; Andranovich; Heyling; Rienner 2001 P1). The plans that have been drawn up for the urban redevelopment, the creation of employment opportunities, increased tourism as well as the benefits of increased participation in sport, alongside better facilities for the training of elite athletes should bring the legacy for which the organisers are hoping. They reflect the idea that there must be an investment in the future if there are to be long term benefits across a variety of areas for the benefit of the largest amount of people possible. The implications of hosting an event like the Olympics for elite athletes and the general public are enormous. The elite athletes need world class facilities in which to train and prepare for major events and â€Å"more recently the government has sought to narrow the focus of sport policy, giving priority to a more limited range of sports and concentrating on youth/school sport and elite development† (Houlihan 1997 P 46). This will have the dual effect of producing the elite athletes of the future, while providing for the people who are at the top of their chosen field now. This follows the idea that sport is for all and that all should be provided with the opportunity to fulfil their full potential. A glowing example of this effect is the success of the British Cycling team in the Beijing Olympics. Having been able to utilise the velodrome in Manchester (specifically constructed for the Commonwealth Games in 2002) as a training base and centre of excellence, their results in both the Olympics and the recent World Championships have been staggering. They not only reflect well on the government in terms of their investment but also in terms of the kudos that such results bring to the country as a whole. This in turn has brought a ‘feel good’ factor to the cycling community, to the city of Manchester where the team is based and has had an effect on the amount of people who are enquiring about participating in cycling. The investment in elite athletes who achieve success can have a direct effect on the numbers of those who are wishing to become involved with any given sport. Another spin off from this is the training and subsequent employment of coaches within sport to nurture the talent that is emerging as a result of increased participation. Increased funding to train coaches also has the effect of helping sport at the ‘grassroots’ level. The more coaches that are available, the more people can be involved in the enjoyment of their chosen activity as a part of the community – â€Å"community sporting capacity will be improved in a number of ways, such as training and development of volunteers, leaders and coaches†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (London 2012 Community Sports Legacy, www.sportengland,org.uk ). There is a chance to â€Å"provide excluded groups with opportunities for participation and inclusion† (Bradford MDC 1997). There is also the opportunity to increase the emphasis that is being laid on sport in schools and for the youth of Britain, in order to foster the idea of a healthy lifestyle in terms of both physical activity and the way that people regard their health. Media coverage of the event will also have the effect of keeping sport in the public eye in a positive way, highlighting the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and encouraging people to become involved in sport. They have a responsibility to continually highlight the facilities that are available, how to be able to contact the national organising bodies for each sport in Britain and the benefits of becoming involved in sporting activity.â€Å"The success of the Games will, in part, be measured by the increase in ordinary people taking exercise at new sports facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Evening Standard 2007). Only long term study will reveal the full extent of the effect of the Games on sport as there needs to be a sustained long term effect rather than ‘a flash in the pan.’ Clearly the UK government and the organisers of the London Games hope that â€Å"the legacy of the Games will be twofold. Physically they will bequeath a redeveloped area in and around the Olympics site†¦ the Games are meant to deliver a more sporting nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Evening Standard 2008). The former will be much easier to assess in the short term – the latter will need to be looked at over the months and years following the Games. Bibliography Burbank, M; Andranovich, G. D; Heyling, C.H; Rienner, L. 2001 Olympic Dreams:The Impact of Mega Events on Local Politics Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Glyptis 1989 Leisure and Unemployment Milton Keynes: OUP Gratton, C; Henry, I. 2001 Sport in The City; The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration London: Routledge Houlihan, B 1997 Sport, Policy and Politics: A Comparative Analysis London: Routledge Roche, M 2000 Mega-events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in The Growth of Global Culture New York: Routledge Bradford Metropolitan District Council Recreation Division 1997 A Strategy For Sport and Recreation; A Framework and Guiding Principles National Heritage Committee 1995 Bids to Stage International Sporting Events Fifth Report House of Commons London: HMSO Daily Telegraph December 29, 2003 from www.telegraph.co.uk Evening Standard November 22, 2006 Monster Truck Races, Dilapidated stands and a Billion Dollar Debt that after 30 Years Will Finally Be Paid This Month – The Warning We in London Must All Heed From The Montreal Olympics Evening Standard March 1, 2007 MPs and Peers Poised For Revolt over 2012 Raid on Lottery Funds Evening Standard May 15, 2007 The Councils Who Are Failing to Make London Fit for 2012 Games; Boroughs Not Investing in Facilities Evening Standard May 15, 2008 The Real Legacy of The Olympics The Mirror July 7, 2005 London Olympics 2012: Our Golden Generation; Lord Coe Winning The Games For London Can Bring Kids Back To Sport Western Mail July 7, 2005 Editorial Comment on Olympic Games Which Can Be A Winner For Us All www.gameslegacy.co.uk www.london2012.com www.olympics.org.uk www.sportengland.org

The Go-Between Essay -- go-between Essays

The Go-Between 1. Overview This book is a memory story: a man in his sixties looks back on his boyhood of the middle class boy recalling the events that took place on a summer visit to an aristocratic family in Norfolk in the 1900’s. The author uses double narrative, the young Leo's actions told by the older Leo, and it shows us how it has affected his life Firsttly, I’ll introduce the main characters, their functions and relationships, then I’ll give you a small summary of the story, followed by the main themes and their symbolic elements, and finally the style of the book. Leo Colston has two different aspects, he’s the narrator of the book, a man of about sixty year old, and he’s a â€Å"dried up† man inside. Leo is a young boy of the middle class. He lives alone with his mother in West Hash, a little village near Salisbury. His father was a bank gardener in Salisbury is dead, Leo thinks he was a crank, he didn’t want his son to go to school but his mother always wanted him to go so as soon as he died, he went. His mother liked gossip and was very sensitive to public opinion, she needed social frame, and we can easily imagine her pleasure when her son has been invited to spend a summer to a rich friend. He has also an aunt, Charlotte, a Londoner. He and his mother were living on her money, the pension from the bank and the little; his father had been able to put by. Leo attends to the same school as upper class boys, such as Maudsley (he doesn’t remember his name probably because he has never been a special friend to him but while reading the diary he remembers his name was Marcus). Leo used to write his feelings and the happenings of each day on a diary. He believed he had magical powers and was able to cast spells. When he was at school, two boys who had annoyed him had an accident and he believes it is due to what he wrote on his journal. When he went to Brandham Hall, he was naà ¯ve and innocent. He didn’t know anything about love and sex. He naturally felt in love with a beautiful lady, as any young boy would have done. He’s curious about sex even if he doesn’t know what it is. The lack of father is especially important at that point; those explanations should be made by the father â€Å"it’s a job for your dad really†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At the end of the story he has discovered what he wanted to know but the outcome is devasting for him, he’ll be haunted al... ...She refers to her grandson, but in a sense Leo is the child of that 'happiness and beauty' of theirs which ignored all moral responsibility. Within the story itself we are led to see a duplicity in Marian which discredits her morally. Her kindness in taking Leo to Norwich for the new suit is marred by her second motive of meeting Ted. Her affection for Leo is undermined by her use of him. The birthday present of the bycyle which almost diverts him from his own belief in his moral duty to leave Brandham, and which he dreams of riding in the village street at home, is intended to make him a more efficient go-between. Ted may seem to be more concerned about Leo, but the narrator's verdict on him is that with all his decency and vitality, he is cowardly. Interpreting The Go Between has a moral tale meets with keen opposition from some readers who insist that Marian and Ted are the only healthy, natural people in the book; that Leo suffers from having lived a fantasy, and that Trimingham is living a rather pompous role as lord of the manor. The Go-Between is more than a simple moral tale. It does not force an interpretation on the reader, but invites him to think for himself.

Freedom Of Expression - Our First Amendment Rights Are Threatened Essay

What is art? Can it be defined in any single painting, or sculpture? Is it even something that can be seen, or does it have to be experienced? The term "art" is so vague that it can be applied to almost anything, really. Mostly, however, art should be that which frees our imagination. It connects our conscious with our subconscious, putting into a visual form what we feel and think. It allows us to explore our inner self and fill that urge to understand our minds and our universe. Art helps us to see beyond the ordinary, to see what is in our hearts without being blinded by reality. When an artist creates a painting, it is not to create a picture; it is to create a feeling or mood. The purpose is to convey an emotion, and, it is hoped, to make the viewer experience that same emotion. The painting is really just the final result. Picasso once said "†¦the thing that counts, in painting, is the intention of the artist†¦What counts is what one wants to do, and n ot what one does†¦ In the end what was important is the intention one had." So, what happens when artists are judged only on their final result, with no consideration to the purpose of their artwork? Censorship happens. That's right, every day in America, "Land of the Free", another artist falls victim to The Censor. Everyday, despite rights guaranteed by the constitution, people are being oppressed-by school officials, librarians, committee chairpersons, and even by those in government positions. It's time everyone, everywhere, stood up for Freedom of Expression, and put and end to censorship. In September of this year, the Brooklyn Museum of Art planned an exhibit of British artwork entitled "Sensation: Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection", the controversial art exhibit which, on it's world tour, has been shown in Germany and England. The exhibit, as well as the majority of other artwork on display in the museum, was to be funded by the National Endowment for the Arts. The NEA is a government agency that grants federal money to artists and organizations in an attempt to serve the public good by "nurturing the expression of human creativity, supporting the cultivation of community spirit, and fostering the recognition and appreciation of the excellence and diversity of our nation's artistic accomplishments". The organization was prepared to ... ...tation of New York City as a world-class center of art and culture. "The entire arts community should be grateful to Director Arnold Lehman and the BMA's Board of Directors for standing firm on the right of artists and museum-goers to make their own decisions without interference from the government," said Joan Bertin, Executive Director of the National Coalition Against Censorship. "If the city chooses to fund the arts, it simply cannot pick and choose what art is 'offensive' and what is not." In addition, "That judgment varies so widely and is so subjective that, if it were the test, publicly funded art institutions would likely have little of interest to offer beyond the most inoffensive and conventional art," Michelle Coffy, Program Director of the National Campaign for Freedom of Expression, says. It is not appropriate to censor something based solely on a failure to understand and a personal dislike. In this case, the mayor and other critics may simply be revealing their own misinterpretation of the varied cultural and artistic traditions on which artists draw, having obviously misunderstood the whole point of art in the first place-expression.

st patrick and the druids :: essays research papers

ST. PATRICK & THE DRUIDS OF IRELAND Patrick was a Christian priest whose job it was to convert the population of Ireland to Christianity. The Druids, however, stood in his way. The Druids were very important people in Ireland at that time, and their symbol was the Snake of Wisdom. Druids could be priests of the old religion of Ireland, but there were also much more. One part of the Druid class were the "Bards", whose job it was to remember all of the history of the people, as well as to record current events. Because the Irish Celts did not rely on a written language, everything had to be memorized. Bards were poets and musicians, and used music and poetry to help them remember their history exactly. Because of this, Bards were highly respected members of the Irish society. The Irish believed that history was very important, for if you didn't remember what had happened in the past, you couldn't safely plan for the future. Bards, therefore, held the future of the people in safekeeping. Another important part of the Druidic class were the "Brehons". Brehons were the Judges and the Keepers of the Laws. The Celtic people had a highly complicated society, and with it, a highly developed set of laws. Brehons trained for many years to learn the laws of the people, so that whenever there was a dispute, the Brehon could fairly decide the matter and make peace. The laws were there to make sure that everyone; man, woman, and child, were treated fairly and with respect. Because of the wisdom that the Brehons held, and the knowledge of the laws of the society, they too, like the Bards, were held with much respect. And, of course, there were the Druid Priests. This branch of the Druid set were the keepers of the knowledge of Earth and Spirits. It was their responsibility to learn the Spirit World, in order to keep people and Earth in harmony. Priests performed marriages and "baptisms", they were healers, and psychiatrists. The Priests were the wise grandparents to whom you could go with a problem. They were there to help you solve them, with the help of the Earth and the Spirit World. Into this world of the Irish Celts entered a highly energetic and devoted Christian Priest named Patrick. Because he believed so strongly in the tenets of Christianity, he thought that anyone who was not Christian had to become one in order to be "saved".

Safety from the Inside Out: Rethinking Traditional Approaches

â€Å"Safety from the Inside Out: Rethinking Traditional Approaches† by Alfie Kohn aims to educate the public regarding the real threat of violence to children. While school shootings and other violent crimes that happen on school grounds gain a lot of media attention, it is far more likely for a child to become the victim of violence off school grounds (Kohn, 2004, 33). Further, children are more likely to suffer from violence at the hands of an adult rather than at the hands of their peers (Kohn, 2004, 33). However, the issue of school violence is analyzed along with the mistaken assumptions of how to respond to school violence. The problem the article tries to address is how to create policy that will be both effective as well as reduce violent acts committed against children while on school grounds. There are several terms that must be defined in order to present a clear picture of the issue. The first is violence which by definition means attempting to or engaging in actions with the goal of inflicting bodily harm or death. This definition is important when discussing violence both in schools and off school grounds. Technical fixes is another definition that directly relates to this article. Technical fixes are technologically advanced pieces of equipment designed to reduce violence and include such things as metal detectors and video cameras. The final term to be defined is zero tolerance. Zero tolerance is the idea that any type of violence or intent to become violent be dealt with swiftly according to a designated set of strict consequences. In response to these definitions, the author of the article assumes that the vast majority of Americans equate violence against students as being violence that happens at school. The author also assumes that Americans believe that technical fixes and zero tolerance policies will solve the problem of violence against students (Kohl, 2004, 34). The orientation of the article strives to make sense of the misguided assumptions that Americans have with regards towards violence against students (Kohn, 2004, 34). It builds upon existing research that proves that teaching anti violence skills to students isn’t enough. The author proposes that students must also be taught how to apply these skills if violence prevention is going to be effective (Kohn, 2004, 35). Further, the author discusses behaviorism and the tendency for humans to preoccupy themselves with behavior rather than looking deeper at the values, reasons and motives behind certain behaviors (Kohn, 2004, 35). Finally, the author argues that when skill based prevention does not work then technical fixes are the answer to the problem (Kohn, 2004, 36). The research the author completed for this article disproves many of these assumptions. Using research as his method, Kohn discovered several discrepancies between what Americans believe and what students actually report about violence. For example, Kohn’s research shows that zero tolerance policies have the opposite of their intended effect. Instead of making students feel safer, zero tolerance policies actually make them feel less safe (Kohn, 2004, 36). Additionally, zero tolerance policies don’t make schools any safer than they were before (Kohn, 2004, 36). As part of his research, Kohn suggests that the threats of zero tolerance policies can be replaced with safe school environment where students are taught to trust and protect one another (Kohn, 2004, 36). Kohn also discovered that teaching students anti violence skills is not as effective as creating schools that are committed to the value of peace so that the physical safety of students is protected (Kohn, 2004, 36). The solution to the article seems to be getting rid of zero tolerance policies that turn children into criminals and replacing them with policies that promote peace and trust among students (Kohn, 2004, 36). According to the author, the consequence of not doing so will ensure that school violence remains a problem. Personally speaking, I think Alfie Kohn has noble goals and ideas to keep children safe at school. However, creating peaceable schools is very difficult because it seems impossible to instill peace values into every single student. The reality is that there will always be a few students who do not care about peace and would rather cause trouble through violence. At the same time, Kohn raises some important questions that I think should be addressed and considered as schools continue to search for a solution to the problem of school violence.

How Accurate Is Huxleys Vision of the Future.

Back To the Future In a world where people have sex all the time, take drugs to make themselves happier, and have no parents to tell them what to do, they have fun all the time. Huxley’s vision of the future sounds like a college kids dream. Huxley’s vision in his novel, Brave New World, describes a future that will never happen. Huxley’s vision of the future describes a delusion because the United States acts stubborn. We do not agree to anything most countries do, like the math system, language, and currency.The United States acts on its own. No one controls the United States. Most people from our country behave conservatively. People live off religion, it gives people hope that a paradise does exist even in a tough world called life. No person would agree to have sex all the time with anyone and everyone. People want love and a monogamous relationship. People also have jealousy issues. Americans act possessive, no person wants to give up family; it teaches loy alty and love. Most of the rules in Huxley’s novel sound illegal.Five year olds play erotic games; this screams child pornography. What sick person would force children to have sex with each other? The caste system correlates to India which falls under illegal activities. Most importantly, people have to do above and beyond geniuses to develop the test tube theory etc. The education systems in the United States, Canada, and Europe fabricate learning; the children’s mindset of school describes it as a place called hell. They have to meet certain requirements in order to discover ways to make people without sexual reproduction.Brave New World is impossible. Love makes people who they are. Without love; fairness, hope, faith, generosity, humanity, kindheartedness, and compassion would never exist. (â€Å"I want to know what passion is†¦ I want to feel something strongly. † Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, p. 102). Some points in the novel do run parallel with a near future of the United States, such as, no sacred marriages, sex obsessed people, atheist, need for drugs/ alcohol, and hunger for power and control do surround the United States.Although, the possibilities of the future obtain endless outcomes, with the lack of intelligent people, Brave New World will not happen anytime soon because more important dilemmas in the world today take precedence, such as, world hunger, poverty, finding a cure for incurable diseases, crime, and the economy. We have to fix the mess we live in now or no perverted fiction future will ever exist without the advances in government and education. Huxley’s vision will only ever exist in a troubled mind.

Analysis the Motorbike Market in Vietnam

Vietnam by motorbike take 61% of the total and by 4 times comparing with people who use car as main vehicle. Thus, motorbike market is an important part of Vietnam economy and considerable contribution to economic growth in recent years of Vietnam. Therefore, in this report are going to analyze the Motorbike market in Vietnam in both aspects: microeconomic and macroeconomic and bring out some conclusion about this market. Microeconomics: In this section, it will be analyzed into three elements such as demand, supply and price. Demand of consumer: In recent years, the demand of motorbike always grows up.According to the Vietnam Registry Department, until a half of 2011 Vietnam has about 17 million registration motorbikes and became one of countries has the ratio of people who use motorbike highest on the world. Table 2: Number of motorbike was registered Source: Vietnam Registry Department, 2010 Following above table, it can be seen that number of registered motorbike is increasing dr amatically year by year. In 2006, Vietnam had 1. 5 million of motorbikes but 5 year later this figure increased twice with 3 million motorbikes in 2010.These figures are shown that demand of Vietnamese people in buying motorbike very large ND this Is a complex market for Investors to Invest their capital as well as extend production. The main reason leaded to growing up of motorbike is reduced price of this product. For example, 10 years ago, a Honda dream motorbike was 30 million VEND (equivalent 2,000 USED at the same time), however after 5 year Honda was opened a industry in Vietnam and now price of a Honda motorbike is just from 10 million VEND (equivalent KUDUS at the present time). Price of produce changes, therefore demand of consumers change too.On the other hand, the second factor making demand of consumer raise Is national Income. According to General Statistics Offer, average per capita income in 2010 was approximately 1000 SAID, increasing 2. 5 times compare with income in 2004. Slogan (2010) is mentioned that to normal goods when income increases, the demand about it increases. Motorbike is a normal goods. This is sigh to show that when income of people increases, their demand increase too and they will spend more money for necessary goods, such as Vietnam is one of countries where is the most of using motorbike in the world.Thus, Vietnam is a large market and more potential for motorbike brands. Honda is brand which has most of market share in motorbike market because Honda is leader of this market when they were the first production at Vietnam over 10 years ago and they are always on the top of choice of consumers. According to General Statistics Offer, until 2009 there are two industries of Honda in Vietnam and the total of productivity of those is 1. 5 million produces per year.However, in 2010 Honda has invested 70 million USED to expend these industries, and improvement productivity to 2 million produces each year. Look back on the table 2, the number of registered motorbike in 010 was 3 million produces. Therefore, Honda was taken over a half of share market of motorbike market in Vietnam. Yamaha, Suzuki, SUM, Pigging†¦ Are the rest of brands in the motorbike market. In these brands, Yamaha is the most competitor of Honda with productivity each year is 1 million produces.In first years when motorbike has Just come to Vietnam, motorbike brands have set a high price because at that time demand of consumer was increasing highly and the main reason that time was taste. In recent years, with expanding on industries of old brands and setting up new brands of domestic production makes competition violently in motorbike market. As a result, reduce price is the optimal choice of producers. Domestic brands have exposed new produces with lower price, conformity with people who have low income.Therefore, other brands must to reduce price of their produce to competitive if they do not want to lose share market. Producers emul ate reducing price make demand of consumer increasing significantly. However, at this present, the supply of producers is over than demand of consumer, making surplus through the years, so in the future the price of produce will be continue reduce. On the other hand, producers must be kept productivity stability and in next some years reduce productivity to avoid surplus by yearly.

The Impact of Rural Banking on Development

THE CIVIL AND THE PUBLIC SERVICE DIFFERENCIES A public Servant is someone who does something that is in the best interest of the people. It can fit many different roles but is often used by politicians to describe them. A Civil Servant is someone whose job is to do government work, usually a bureaucratic. A civil servant or public servant is a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency. The term explicitly excludes the armed services, although civilian officials will work at â€Å"Defence Ministry† headquarters.The term always includes the (sovereign) state's employees whether regional, or sub-state, or even municipal employees are called â€Å"civil servants† varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are civil servants, county or city employees are not. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in â€Å"non-departmental p ublic bodies† (sometimes called â€Å"Quangos†) may also be classed as civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a state's civil servants form its Civil Service' or Public Service.Two concepts of public servants and civil servants are very confusing in any study of public administration as both are very similar to each other. Not understanding the two concepts clearly is the reason why some students make the mistake of treating them as interchangeable, which is wrong as despite similarities, there are vital differences that need to be highlighted. One thing common to both a civil servant and a public servant is the fact that they are both officials in government departments, and though they are termed servants, they are actually bred and brought up to feel superior to common people.Both have an umbrella of security in the sense that their jobs are guaranteed, even if they are average or poor performers, and th is sense of security makes them arrogant in their behavior towards common people. Technically speaking, a civil servant is as much a public servant as a bank officer, though the major difference pertains to the level of control each has in his hands. A civil servant is always a part of the administration, and is thus, a rung above other public servants.Even, a nurse working in a government hospital qualifies to be a public servant, though she cannot be compared to a district magistrate (DM) who belongs to the category of civil servants. There are huge differences in not just pay scales and salaries; there are different sets of rules and regulations in hiring and promotion for both civil servants as well as public servants. Civil servants are selected through Union Public Service Commission at the union level, whereas every state has its own Public Service Commission to select civil servants and press into service at state level.Those selected through UPSC can get postings in public departments all over India, and this gets decided at the start with the cadre they get. What is the difference between Civil Servant and Public Servant? †¢ Civil servants are a type of public servants. †¢ Both are labeled as servants, though they are administrators and officers performing various duties. †¢ There is a great difference in rules and regulations governing their hiring and promotion. †¢ Civil servants are a rung above other public servants.

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam question - Essay Example The case of Taco Co of Australia v Taco Bell P/l (1982) ATPR 40-303 sets forth the guidelines of what is deceptive and misleading. There must be a relevant section of the public that the statement is aimed; in this case as good as new are the purchasers of ovens; as is the information of serving in the last month. That there was a misled consumer/bystander who came to an erroneous conclusion, which is the belief that the oven was just serviced. Finally, the reason for the misconception needs to be discerned, which in this case is directly from the mouth of the representative. Therefore in the case of Commercial Ovens co there is a breach of s. 52, but there has also been a breach of s. 53, which is a specific false representation which is also a criminal offence. There are a variety of remedies for Beta Restaurant which are under s. 79 fines if there is a breach of a criminally sanctioning section, such as s. 53. Prosecutions have to be done by the ACCC. In addition there are injunctions, as s. 80, which can be made by any person. The applicant need not have suffered from the misrepresentation, as per World Series Cricket P/L v Parish (1977) ATPR 40-040. There can also be the disclosure of information or corrective advertising, which is also contained within s. 80, as per Janssen Pharmaceutical P/L v Pfizer P/L (1986) ATPR 50-654. There are also damages as covered under s. 82 that Beta may also receive. The applicant needs to establish three scenarios, which are; a loss or damage has occurred; the conduct contravenes; and the loss or damage was caused by the respondent's conduct. In this case there has been a loss due to the loss of business, because the deserts were not ready. The conduct has contravened Part V because there has been a misr epresentation. Finally, if Beta had known about the servicing and actual state of the oven then they would have bought or planned differently. The misrepresentation therefore has caused the loss. The damages would be the amount if the misleading conduct had not happened, in addition as per Steiner v Magic Carpet Tours P/L (1984) allows for mental anguish or loss of enjoyment damages also to be added to the actual damages. Beta is probably entitled to both sets of damages because the misleading information will have led to loss of reputation, which would cause mental anguish. The one fact that Beta has to remember is to sue within 6 years from when the damage is suffered. 3. Will the ACCC be interested in Commercial Ovens Co. (2 marks) The answer is yes because Commercial Ovens will have breached s. 53 for direct misrepresentation over the servicing of the ovens, which lends itself directly to the statement of as good as new. Therefore criminal sanctions should be taken by the ACCC. Question 2: Matt and Bill's partnership to be a legitimate partnership in business has to satisfy three categories, which are; carrying on a business; in common; with a view to a profit. Matt and Bill's partnership has satisfied these three factors. They are carrying on a business, which is a restaurant called Silver Spoons. They are both

French Revolution, the terror, and the rise and fall of Napoleon Essay

French Revolution, the terror, and the rise and fall of Napoleon - Essay Example The Tennis Court Oath was signed on 20th June, 1789 which was in the early days of the French Revolution. The Third Estate singed the oath with the fears that the king was holding onto his rule of absolute government. The importance of this oath was twofold in that it showed that sovereignty was embedded in people and their representatives and it forced the king to convene a meeting to discuss the writing of a constitution (Perry 42). The storming of the Bastille was important because it showed the capacity of the people to prevail over the attempts of King Louise XVI to exercise his absolutism. A parliamentary Assembly had recently been appointed and the king was dissatisfied with it. He dismissed his minister of Finances and the people caught word that the king was intending to fight back at the appointed parliamentarians. They stormed the Bastille in search of gun powder to use on the guns they had stolen from the Invalides. The storming was all the more important because Louis XVI’s soldiers that were sent to rescue the Bastille refused to fight the revolutionaries hence leading to further defeat of the king (Pavlac 24). When requested to become a constitutional monarch, King Louis XVI started by resisting. The king thought that this and other proposed reforms would reduce his authority. After a while though, risk of bankruptcy was imminent and the King consented to the election of the Estates-General. However, the king refused to recognize the Third Estate as the self-proclaimed legitimate National Assembly. As a constitutional monarch, he was going to rule in consultation with the people (Perry 43). The Consulate system is the government that took over after the fall of the Directory government in 1799. The Consulate system of government was instituted after a successful coup orchestrated by Sieyes that toppled the Directory government.

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Buddhism - Essay Example cess, went into a long period of contemplative meditation, received enlightenment and from thence came to be called The Buddha or the enlightened one. He passed on the knowledge to his followers through teachings based on four major tenets. The Buddha taught the four noble truths as i) the world is full of sorrow ii) desires are the main reason for sorrow iii) sorrow can be overcome by killing desires and iv) desires can be killed by following the eight-fold righteous path (Rahula, p.45). In this way the Buddha taught us the means to overcome sorrow, lead blissful life and ultimately attain Nirvana. The principle of righteous living differentiated Buddhism from the other major contemporary religions in the Indian subcontinent viz., Hinduism and Jainism, and impresses me as the most important of the Buddha teachings. The concept of middle path or magga taught by the Buddha as the most appropriate path to overcome sorrows has relevance for everyone and all times. It negates the other two extreme paths (of seeking worldly pleasures or practicing penance) since both have failed to eliminate sorrow from life on the one hand and can not stand the test of scrutiny as the solution for humanity’s problems (Rahula, p.92). The Buddha taught us to follow the middle path by practicing the eight-fold righteous living viz., right understanding (belief), right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness (recollection), and right concentration (meditation). As Rahula mentions in his book, ‘†¦they are all linked together and should be practiced simultaneously according to a person’s capacity’ (p.46). Together they constitute the essence of ethical and moral conduct. The context for conduct arises out of one’s day-to-day life and the never ending hankering after desires. Continuity of life or existence is termed as Samsara in the Buddhist tradition (pp. 48 & 60) and Samsaracakra as the cycle of life, death and rebirth,