Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park Term Paper

Wildlife and Forest Management in Kanbula National Park - Term Paper Example Wildlife and forest management is essential to preserve its natural beauty and to maintain the ecological processes within. However, there are many factors that affect the wildlife and the forest as industrialization is boosting in the realms of China’s borders. Despite the fact that the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station is producing clean energy, it ironically has caused several alterations to the ecological system of the Kanbula Forest. This paper aims to 1) provide an exposition about the characteristics of the Kanbula National Park; 2) determine the impact of Lijiaxia Hydro Power Plant to the ecological process within Kanbula National Park and; 3) propose several ways of wildlife and forest management while taking into consideration the present condition of the Kanbula National Park. Introduction Forest ecosystem consists primarily of trees and other naturally growing plants. It nurtures various types of wild animals and other species. The forest ecosystem, like the Ka nbula Forest, provides people with food, fuel, timber and fiber. Other than these, most people do not recognize the significance of forests among their lives. Forests provide protection of the hydrologic cycle. They also help in climate regulation because forests are basically natural sinks of carbon, which is one of the greenhouse gases that harm the planet (Espaldon et al, 2004). Kanbula forest is one of the most diverse across China. However, most of its flora and fauna are at risk of extinction. Major causes of forest destruction include industrialization, commercialism and weak enforcement of forest laws (Sajise et al, 1996). This paper will dig deeper into several issues that Kanbula National Park is facing, and how these issues or factors impact the forest’s ecological system. Characteristics of Kanbula National Park Geographical Position The Kanbula National Park is located in Northwest of Jianza County of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous States in Qinghai Province, with t otal area of 15,054 hectares and altitude of 2,100 to 4,000 meters above sea level (Hong, Shi, 2009). The Kanbula forest is basically a subalpine forest as it is located in high altitude. The forest is also located in the transition zone from Loess Plateau to Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Thus, it is the warmest region in Qinghai Province. It borders on the Yellow River in the North and is adjacent to the Liajiaxia Hydroelectric Power Station. Huge mountains extend from the forest with trees covered resembling a sea of forest. There are deflated hills around the Kanbula Forest that are formed due to erosion from wind and sand. The hills are called red cloud landforms. Climate Characteristics Cold and warm weathers are the two general climate condition in the forest. Cold season is characterized by cold, windy and dry air, while dry season features monsoon and warm and humid air. According to meteorological data records, the average temperature of the forest is 1 to 2.9 °C (Wu, 2007). The warmest month (July) has a daily temperature of 11.5-13.4 °C. The coldest month (January) has average daily temperature -12-10.1 °C(Wu, 2007). From March to September month average is temperature of 7-8.4  °C; stable over time through 0 °C for 190 days; plant growing period mean diurnal temperature 13.l  °C, 2,622-2,900 hours of annual sunshine hours, global solar radiation 609-647 kJ / cm. Annual rainfall is 450-490 mm, annual evaporation 1,923 mm. Annual average wind speed 19 meters per second, more concentrated in the January to April (Wu, 2007). Soil Characteristics Kanbula forest’s soil has five categories. The first type is alpine shrub meadow soil that is found at the altitude between 3,600 and 3,900 meters. The second type is the

Ghost Story - The Caretaker Essay Example for Free

Ghost Story The Caretaker Essay OI LOSER! PICK UP THE CRAP! This is the way he always got treated. No one gave a second thought about him. They thought that just because he was the caretaker who picked up the rubbish, he didnt deserve any respect.but they wished theyd have gave him some. After 10 years of cleaning up after people who just didnt care. People who laughed at him for dont his job, picking up their rubbish. Peeling up snotty tissues in the rain in his bright yellow Rain Mack, whilst they laughed at him through the window, he pretended he couldnt see them. After 10 years or this, every day, he has had enough. On his 10 yeah anniversary of being shouted at and just being disregarded, he had decided, this was it. The end, for him anyway. He walked into his stockroom, the one they banged on the door every single time they walked past, every single person. They thought it was funny, but they didnt know that he sat in there crying, through the pain of how they treat him. He didnt even get treated right by the teachers; they shoved him in a room with the boiler. This was it. He walked, slowly, slowly walking. But then he tripped over a mop. He could imagine the laugher of the kids if they had seen that, then theyd run away with his rubbish picker and hide it, so hed have to spend the rest of the day looking for it. He couldnt tell anyone, who would care. He got back up and climbed onto the steel chair, and put the noose round his neck and tied it to one of the pipes. He was rocking the chair, from side to side, slowly, trying to knock it from under his feat, but then, no, he wouldnt let them know that they had got to him. He wouldnt give them that satisfaction. He took the noose off from around his neck, and decided. He was going to make a change. He wouldnt let them get to him anymore not matter how hard they tried. He got off the chair, but then he slipped, he fell, the chair as well. The chair fell toward the boiler. He didnt realise that when he had fallen over the mop it had knocked a valve off the boiler, gas was leaking out, he could smell it. The chair was going for the boiler, he tried to get up but he hit a shelf and it fell off. Cleaning products, bleach, and floor cleaner poured all over him. This chair hit the boiler, and made a spark, then there was no more, he was no moreor was he? BE QUITE CASEY! shouted a nervous Anne. Whats there to worry about? No ones here. We saw it go up in flames, only that freaky caretaker was here, and hes long gone. Casey smirked, Helen and Mark gave out a little giggle, but Anne didnt. Why do we have to do this here? Why are we doing it? Anne asked. Why Not? said Casey Dont be a dick Casey! Anne exclaimed. OK Anne! Its just a Ouji Board, its not like they really work! So why are we doing it Casey? Just shut up! shrieked Helen to Anne, Its just a bit of fun, why dont you go home if youre so bothered? Maybe I will! At this Anne started to make her way back through the ruins of the old high school, what were left of it after it blew up. Loser! muttered Casey, Helen and Mark laughed. OK! This is it. You ready? Yeah! said Helen, a bit nervously Whatever! Mark said coolly as ever. They sat down in a circle, which the Ouji board in the middle, they all put a finger on the glass and then Casey asked Is there anyone there? The glass slowly moved towards yes, OH MY GOD! WHICH ONE OF YOU IS DOING THAT? asked Helen, quite scared by now. Not Me! exclaimed Mark and Casey at the same time. Whatever, said Casey, Lets carry on. Helen was quite nervous by now, she was scared, she wasnt expecting anything to happen. Who were you? Casey asked, as he watched the glass, it moved again, and pointed to the letters G, E, O, R, G, and E. George? Mark muttered. Whos George? The glass began to shake angrily it violently it moved to T, H, E, C, A, R, E, T, A, K, E, R. The Caretaker? Casey asked, Isnt he dead? Isnt that kind of the point of this? Said Mark. Whatever! Said Casey, I know one of you is behind this, I dont remember no George! As If! Said Helen, we know its you, this stuff isnt even real! Well then! said Casey quietly, Well find out now! GEORGE WHOEVER YOU ARE! WILL YOU COME TO US? At this it all went silent, and then they all looked at each other and started to giggle, then the floor started to shake, the glass shoot out of their hands and landed on YES! There was a bright light, and more shaking. But then it stopped. All was silent and dark again, apart from a small ball of light inside the glass. They looked at each other in shock. Then Helen quickly rose to her feet. This isnt funny any more you tw.! She had stopped, Casey and Mark didnt know why. She looked in pain, then she rose from the ground, then they noticed, she had a mop through her stomach, and she was suspended in the air. Then moved to the side and they saw itthe horribledisfigured, ghost. Helen was there, dead, attached to the mop; the ghost opened its mouth and said, Remember me now?! The ghost was burnt, all over, his skin melted and hanging off! He wasdisgusting. Mark jumped up and ran for the door, he got passed George and then he cackled evil. Mark ran down the corridor, as fast as he could, then he heard a sound behind him, he looked round and George was chasing after him with the floor cleaning machine. He was getting faster, and faster. Mark ran round the corner and bang into someone. ANNE! Mark screamed, I thought youd gone! Mark, what wrong? What was that noise? Theres no time to explain! Hes coming! Who? Anne asked ME! Mark was being lifted up off the floor by a rubbish picker, and then thrown onto the floor. From where he once stood, now stood George. Anne screamed, and turned around, and ran. ANNE WAIT! Mark screamed, but Anne was running, and he tried to, but George stood there with his floor cleaner, Mark tried to run away, he couldnt get up, so he crawled. But he wasnt fast enough. George ran at him with the floor cleaner and ran over him with it. It chopped him in to pieces. He was gone. NOOOOOO! Screamed Anne, she ran back, Why, why are you doing this? You called me! Ill see you soon At this George just disappeared and left the Remains of Mark, and Anne, who lay there crying on the floor. She sat their crying for at least 30 minutes, she couldnt bring herself to move. Then she heard it. ANNE?! It was Casey, he was still alive. She ran down the corridor, CASEY! WHERE ARE YOU? she ran around screaming. She couldnt find him, where was he, then she say him, lying on the floor, by the stairs. CASEY, She ran up to him, he was hurt, badly. Casey are you OK? Anne, I thought youd gone I came back, come on, we have to go, George, hell come for us! I cant move, he beat me with a broom, but I escaped, then I fell down the stairs. You need to stop him, you have to. How Casey, how can I? Im not as strong as him! Why is he doing this? We called him, he came, not hes getting revenge for all the things we did to him But it wasnt just us. Anne said, starting to cry. I know. But were here now. How do I stop him? Asked Anne rising to her feet! The Glass! Then she heard a noise, George came from round the corner with a Lawnmower. He ran up to Casey and lunged at him with it. Anne knew he was dead. So she ran, and ran, and ran. It seemed like she has been running for hours. She knew she had to hide, she couldnt find an exit, and the ones she could has collapsed during the explosion. She saw a small room, and ran it, and locked the door. Then she looked around and realised where she was. She was in Georges room; she saw the Ouji board on the floor, then George, stood there in the corner. He had a pair of tree trimmers in his hand. Anne knew this was it for her. Even if she could reach the door in time, she wouldnt be able to open it. Ready to die Anne? George asked, but the she noticed and thought back to what Casey has told her, the glass THE GLASS! She shouted What? George asked? The Glass, youre not going to kill me, or anyone else! She ran across the room and picked up the glass with the small ball of light in it. No Anne, NO! I WONT GO BACK AGAIN! George screamed. Its too late now She threw the glass on the floor, it smashed and a bright white light flooded the room. Anne was blinded by it. And then it was gone, she was alone in the room. She got up, and slowly unlocked the door and walked out. She walked around the school and looked for an exit. Eventually she found one and walked out. As she walked away, she didnt know what to do first, tell Mark, Casey and Helen parent what had happened, go to the police or just go home and cry, but she knew she has to get away from the school. But as she walked, she heard a low laugh, more like a cackle, coming from inside the school.

Pueblo View of Death and the Relationship of Rain :: Pueblo Culture Cultural Essays

Pueblo View of Death and the Relationship of Rain Works Cited Missing One of the fundamental elements of Pueblo worldview is: The concept of a dual division of time and space between the upper world of the living and the lower world of the dead. This is expressed in the description of the sun's journey on its daily rounds. The Pueblo believe that the sun has two entrances, variously referred to as houses, homes or kivas, situated at each extremity of its course. In the morning the sun is supposed to emerge from its eastern house, and in the evening it is said to descend into its western home. During the night the sun must travel underground from west to east in order to be ready to arise at its accustomed place the next day. Hence day and night are reversed in the upper and lower worlds ... (Titiev 1944). Life and death, day and night, summer and winter are seen not simply as opposed but as involved in a system of alternation and continuity-indeed, a fundamental relationship of cycles. These opposites form what we can call a bipartite view. For black there is white and for something like the heavens there must be a corresponding underworld below us. As part of this bipartite view, death is "birth" into a new world, and many Pueblo burial practices parallel those of birth except that four black lines of charcoal separate the dead from his home in the village while four white lines of cornmeal mark the walls of a newborn baby's home. This world and the world of spirits are transformations of each other. At death a cotton mask - a "white cloud mask" - is placed on the face of a dead person. The spirits of the dead return to this world as kachinas. All kachinas are believed to take on cloud form of what Pueblo call "to be cloud people" and their spiritual essence, or navala, is a liquid that is manifested as rainfall. When the kachinas (as ritual figures) depart, they are petitioned, "When you return to your homes bring this message to them that, without delay, they may have mercy for us with their liquid essence [rain] so that all things may grow and life may be bountiful." Everything, in Pueblo belief, is dependent on rainfall, which, when combined with Mother Earth, is the essence of all things. Hence navala is also the essence of the individual self, conceived of as a liquid, and a Pueblo will say, "I have the liquid essence of my fathers," to express the English notion of being of the same flesh and blood.

Promotion and Pricing Strategies

Week 8 e-Activity Use the Internet or the Strayer Library to research a recent situation that has caused a business, not-for-profit organization, or government agency to suffer from bad publicity. Be prepared to discuss. â€Å"Promotion and Pricing Strategies† Please respond to the following: From the e-Activity, evaluate the situation of the organization you researched. Create a program outlining steps the organization might take to build better public relations. Ensure their search engines are being far to the consumer’s wants and needs.Rewrite its policy and procedures for marketing to support the consumers not just the brands they have a market share in. Employ outside audit agency to ensure coding is not limiting, collecting, or distributing user information even if it is for marketing. Take fault where fault should be taken, after all how can you say you don’t put other websites before others yet have a marketing team where you can buy key words that help m ove you up in your rankings. Source: http://www. computerworld. com/s/article/9230149/Bad_press_may_affect_Google_more_than_FTC_s_22. M_fine http://www. reuters. com/article/2012/10/12/us-google-ftc-antitrust-idUSBRE89B16G20121012 http://www. computerworld. com/s/article/9234096/Google_CEO_Page_said_to_meet_with_FTC http://www. nytimes. com/2012/10/13/technology/ftc-staff-prepares-antitrust-case-against-google-over-search. html? pagewanted=all From Case Study 13. 3, analyze the airline’s marketing strategy; its use of social media and free publicity. Speculate whether or not this strategy will allow the airline to reach its target market. Provide a rationale with your response.Pet travel is becoming part of the norm for travelers. Interesting is that hotel have started to adapt a more pet friend attitude to pets yet it took the airline industry a little longer to recognize this new segmented market. As a pet lover my dog goes with me on vacation so often I find it a challenge to find a flight to get my dog to go with me but easy to find places to rent. There are a lot of regulations for most companies that offer this service such as pet weight, bread, container of travel, and even destination. And I found all this true for Pet Airways as well.They seem to have a great concept but if you look at other airlines such as JetPaws better known as jetBlue not only do you get rewards points but there are more destinations and options for your pet. There are concerns with Pet Airways such as I’d rather my pet be on the same flight as me but as good as it sounds your pet will be on their own plan with other pets. With price ranging from 299 on up there are cheaper and faster options out there. Looking at the public relations side of the house I found several articles that spoke about writers visiting the Pet Airways but not given information or even a look at the pet holding area.There is one thing for sure those with pets who are taking this much care to make sure their pet is with them are more than likely going to want to check the entire facility out before checking their pets in. Just as the airline would do if you want your pet to fly with them. So this is where I would start: 8) Advertise in the top 3 animal pet stores (PetSmart, PetCo, and Pet Supplies Plus). 9) Take their youtube video (http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=sc2lvz1LGTc) and send out emails to customers via the top animal pet stores, local veterinarians in markets they service. Source: http://seniortravel. about. com/od/airtravel/a/PetAirways. htm

Development Communication

I. Introduction Development communication is the use of communication to promote social development. It involves a planned transformation of an average community into a dynamic one. As such, a community plan is made to help people shape their cities, towns or villages. A community plan is essential because it encourages people to take a full and active role in advocating and implementing economic and social reform. In line with this, the author of this paper conducted a community research at Barangay 694, Malate, Manila City.Within the research is substantial information about the said community – such as ecological factors, historical development, life activities, complex of values, social groups, impact of the world outside, and local life. A proposal for a project plan was also made in order to help build a collective vision for the residents of Barangay 694 – specifically, a summer reading program. The summer reading program will benefit the less developed children of Barangay 693. In addition, it will also develop children’s potentials to be educated and literate adults. II. Community Identification Barangay 694 is located at Malate, Manila City.A part of District 6, it lies along Leon Guinto Street and is near places such as Taft Avenue, The Philippine Women’s University, Philippine Christian University, and the Pedro Gil and Quirino LRT stations. The aforementioned places also serve as primary landmarks of Barangay 694. Because of its strategic location near Taft Avenue, Barangay 694 can be aptly described as a middle-class area with several houses and apartment units for students enrolled at nearby universities. In addition, it is easily accessible by Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue, and Taft Avenue. III. Ecological Frame 1. Geographical factorsBarangay 694 is located at latitude 14. 573330 and longitude120. 990860. Its coordinates are 14 °34’24† North and 120 °59’26† East. It has a total land ar ea of To its south is Pasay City; to its west, Manila Bay; to its north, Ermita; to its east, Paco and San Andres. 2. Climate and soil As part of Manila City, Barangay 694 features a tropical savanna climate that borders on tropical monsoon climate. Along with the rest of the Philippines, Barangay 694 lies within the tropics. The temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than 20 °C (100 °F) and going higher than 38 ° (100 °F).Humidity levels are usually very high which makes the place feel much warmer. It has a distinct dry season from late December to April and a relatively wet season that covers the remaining period. Typhoons can occur from June to September and can cause flooding in the area. 3. Service institutions Barangay 694 has several service institutions that responds to the residents’ needs. Its strategic location offers its residents convenience as they need no look further than the immediate vicinity to have access to hospitals, educational inst itutions, books, recreational areas, and government offices.Listed below are several establishments near Barangay 693: * HEALTH INSTITUTIONS * Ospital ng Maynila * RTM Satellite Clinic * Ruben C. Bartolome, M. D. Clinic * GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS * Department of Finance * Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas * RECREATIONAL AREAS * Rizal Memorial Sports Complex * Manila Zoological and Biological Gardens * Manila Baywalk Area 5. Government The current mayor for the 2010 – 2013 term is Alfredo Lim. Meanwhile, Isko Moreno is the city’s incumbent vice-mayor. Two more members of the Manila City Council are the Association of Barangay Captains and the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).Barangay 694’s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks: (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs; (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area; (3) promoting peace and order; (4) promoting the well-being of women in the community; (5) promoting youth rights; and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. Listed below are the currently elected Barangay 694 officials and brief descriptions of each office position: 1. PUNONG BARANGAY or BARANGAY CHAIRMAN Name: Is the executive head of Barangay 693 * Is in charge of development planning, basic services and facilities, compliance to directives, barangay legislation, and fiscal administration 2. BARANGAY SECRETARY Name: * Is liable for all of Barangay 694’s paper works * Takes down notes during all of the discussions and plans made in meetings * Reads and re-reads the reports he/she has made 3. BARANGAY TREASURER Name: * Is responsible for the funds of Barangay 694 – from properties budget, projects budgets, and salaries 4. SEVEN BARANGAY COUNCILORS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. All have specific tasks assigned to them by the Barangay Chairman – Must be in the barangay hall once a week to accommodate people coming to thei r office every now and then SK CHAIRMAN: IV. Historical Development 1. Origin During the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an open area with a small fishing village. When the Americans came to the country after a 333-year Spanish reign, American urban planners envisioned the development of Malate as the most sophisticated area for American families. Despite extensive damage after World War II, many homes and buildings survived the onslaught of the battle fought in the area.Wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned. Along with their return, they re-built their properties and kept the areas around it exclusively residential. Among these residential areas was Barangay 694. A local resident living in the area for almost fifty years related that Barangay 694 has been a residential area since the post-Japanese period. In fact, even before Japanese colonization, several of her forebears have lived there. This is proof that Barangay 694 has been around for many ye ars. 2. First InhabitantsDuring interviews, local residents were asked to name some of the first inhabitants of Barangay 694. The general response was a â€Å"no†. This answer is easily justifiable since the barangay has had such a long history and no one could really be certain of the first people who first inhabited the area. However, several residents know of families who had been living in the barangay for a long time. These families are almost considered as pioneers. As such, they are held in high regard. Among the well-known families in the area are the families of Magalon, San Pedro, Sevilla, Martinez, Andres, and Reyna.Most members of the said families hold positions in local offices – specifically, the Barangay Committee. This is a testament to the high social status they have established along the years. 3. Development The once-exclusive residential areas on the Western portion of Malate began to transform into a commercial area in the 1970s. Real estate boom ed with large houses and apartments being built. Businesses also flourished as small hotels, restaurants, and cafes were established. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate in the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave. . Progress at present Barangay 694, along with the rest of Malate, is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment in Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos, and novelty stores opening for business. V. Life Activities 1. Social Structure: Social status of the residents Barangay 694 is a quiet middle-class area with several houses and apartments for students enrolled at nearby universities. Consequentially, the area is fairly tight-knit. At several community visits, the local residents displayed evident familiarity with those who live among them.In fact, it can be said that everyone knows everyone at Barangay 694. 2. Favorite pastime and recreation Because of wel l-maintained social ties, local residents enjoy doing recreational activities with their families, friends or neighbors. When asked what special activities they did during their pastime, respondents from the area said that they liked going to parks, playing bingo, organizing outings, visiting nearby malls, and perhaps, going out of town. Moreover, a typical Saturday and Sunday night for residents of Barangay 694 would consist of going to the church and, afterwards, watching late-night TV shows.Younger residents, meanwhile, said that they’d rather surf the Web, open their Facebook or Twitter accounts or play video games. 3. Groups and organizations The community has only one major organization, which is the local barangay council. Barangay 694’s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks: (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs; (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area; (3) promotin g peace and order; (4) promoting the well-being of omen in the community; (5) promoting youth rights; and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. VI. Complex of Values 1. Core values of the community, that is, those that are generally accepted in society Barangay 694, being a tight-knit community, generally accepts these four core values: honesty, cooperation, a sense of responsibility, and righteousness. These values are considered to be the key to creating harmonious relationships. Honesty came in first in the list as most local residents consider it to be the most valuable trait one can possess. A dishonest man will know and bring nothing but trouble,† says Ronaldo Dela Cruz, 56, a lifelong Barangay 694 resident. Meanwhile, cooperation is also a cherished value in the community. Because of its small population, Barangay 694 expects its residents to participate in community development projects such as street cleaning, tree planting, etc. The spirit of bayanihan ensures that ties among residents are rekindled and reinforced. Accompanying cooperation is a sense of responsibility. Community members should be self-aware. They must be able to look after themselves and perform their obligations as citizens of the Republic.Last but not the least is righteousness. As observed, Barangay 694 holds quite high moral standards. A local resident must be morally upright. He or she must be able to hold and maintain a good reputation. Otherwise, he or she would not be warmly welcomed into the community. 2. Aim values of the community, that is, those options that society allows its members Barangay 694 gives its residents the full freedom to make decisions they thing will best suit their wants and needs – so long as these decisions will not harm or offend other people.While many local residents are still quite conservative in that distinct Filipino way, they are quite open to progressive ideas like the implementation of the RH Law, K-12 ed ucation (while prevalent in other countries, K-12 education is still quite new to Filipinos), and the passing of Freedom of Information Bill. 3. Attitudes and sense of values Overall, Barangay 694 residents are upbeat, friendly, and warm people. They are generally well-mannered and will go out of their way to help others. They uphold traditional Filipino values and strive to uphold them in their daily lives.All of which makes Barangay 694 a very nice place to live in. VII. Impact of the world outside 1. Inflow of ideas, goods, special forms, moral codes, new modus vivendi et operandi from the outside world to the community Barangay 694 keeps abreast of the current happenings through various mediums. Among these mediums are newspapers, television, radio, and the Internet (particularly, social media). Local residents are well-informed and are keen to follow both national and international events. They are also aware of recent popular culture trends. Development Communication I. Introduction Development communication is the use of communication to promote social development. It involves a planned transformation of an average community into a dynamic one. As such, a community plan is made to help people shape their cities, towns or villages. A community plan is essential because it encourages people to take a full and active role in advocating and implementing economic and social reform. In line with this, the author of this paper conducted a community research at Barangay 694, Malate, Manila City.Within the research is substantial information about the said community – such as ecological factors, historical development, life activities, complex of values, social groups, impact of the world outside, and local life. A proposal for a project plan was also made in order to help build a collective vision for the residents of Barangay 694 – specifically, a summer reading program. The summer reading program will benefit the less developed children of Barangay 693. In addition, it will also develop children’s potentials to be educated and literate adults. II. Community Identification Barangay 694 is located at Malate, Manila City.A part of District 6, it lies along Leon Guinto Street and is near places such as Taft Avenue, The Philippine Women’s University, Philippine Christian University, and the Pedro Gil and Quirino LRT stations. The aforementioned places also serve as primary landmarks of Barangay 694. Because of its strategic location near Taft Avenue, Barangay 694 can be aptly described as a middle-class area with several houses and apartment units for students enrolled at nearby universities. In addition, it is easily accessible by Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue, and Taft Avenue. III. Ecological Frame 1. Geographical factorsBarangay 694 is located at latitude 14. 573330 and longitude120. 990860. Its coordinates are 14 °34’24† North and 120 °59’26† East. It has a total land ar ea of To its south is Pasay City; to its west, Manila Bay; to its north, Ermita; to its east, Paco and San Andres. 2. Climate and soil As part of Manila City, Barangay 694 features a tropical savanna climate that borders on tropical monsoon climate. Along with the rest of the Philippines, Barangay 694 lies within the tropics. The temperature range is very small, rarely going lower than 20 °C (100 °F) and going higher than 38 ° (100 °F).Humidity levels are usually very high which makes the place feel much warmer. It has a distinct dry season from late December to April and a relatively wet season that covers the remaining period. Typhoons can occur from June to September and can cause flooding in the area. 3. Service institutions Barangay 694 has several service institutions that responds to the residents’ needs. Its strategic location offers its residents convenience as they need no look further than the immediate vicinity to have access to hospitals, educational inst itutions, books, recreational areas, and government offices.Listed below are several establishments near Barangay 693: * HEALTH INSTITUTIONS * Ospital ng Maynila * RTM Satellite Clinic * Ruben C. Bartolome, M. D. Clinic * GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS * Department of Finance * Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas * RECREATIONAL AREAS * Rizal Memorial Sports Complex * Manila Zoological and Biological Gardens * Manila Baywalk Area 5. Government The current mayor for the 2010 – 2013 term is Alfredo Lim. Meanwhile, Isko Moreno is the city’s incumbent vice-mayor. Two more members of the Manila City Council are the Association of Barangay Captains and the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).Barangay 694’s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks: (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs; (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area; (3) promoting peace and order; (4) promoting the well-being of women in the community; (5) promoting youth rights; and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. Listed below are the currently elected Barangay 694 officials and brief descriptions of each office position: 1. PUNONG BARANGAY or BARANGAY CHAIRMAN Name: Is the executive head of Barangay 693 * Is in charge of development planning, basic services and facilities, compliance to directives, barangay legislation, and fiscal administration 2. BARANGAY SECRETARY Name: * Is liable for all of Barangay 694’s paper works * Takes down notes during all of the discussions and plans made in meetings * Reads and re-reads the reports he/she has made 3. BARANGAY TREASURER Name: * Is responsible for the funds of Barangay 694 – from properties budget, projects budgets, and salaries 4. SEVEN BARANGAY COUNCILORS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. All have specific tasks assigned to them by the Barangay Chairman – Must be in the barangay hall once a week to accommodate people coming to thei r office every now and then SK CHAIRMAN: IV. Historical Development 1. Origin During the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an open area with a small fishing village. When the Americans came to the country after a 333-year Spanish reign, American urban planners envisioned the development of Malate as the most sophisticated area for American families. Despite extensive damage after World War II, many homes and buildings survived the onslaught of the battle fought in the area.Wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned. Along with their return, they re-built their properties and kept the areas around it exclusively residential. Among these residential areas was Barangay 694. A local resident living in the area for almost fifty years related that Barangay 694 has been a residential area since the post-Japanese period. In fact, even before Japanese colonization, several of her forebears have lived there. This is proof that Barangay 694 has been around for many ye ars. 2. First InhabitantsDuring interviews, local residents were asked to name some of the first inhabitants of Barangay 694. The general response was a â€Å"no†. This answer is easily justifiable since the barangay has had such a long history and no one could really be certain of the first people who first inhabited the area. However, several residents know of families who had been living in the barangay for a long time. These families are almost considered as pioneers. As such, they are held in high regard. Among the well-known families in the area are the families of Magalon, San Pedro, Sevilla, Martinez, Andres, and Reyna.Most members of the said families hold positions in local offices – specifically, the Barangay Committee. This is a testament to the high social status they have established along the years. 3. Development The once-exclusive residential areas on the Western portion of Malate began to transform into a commercial area in the 1970s. Real estate boom ed with large houses and apartments being built. Businesses also flourished as small hotels, restaurants, and cafes were established. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate in the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave. . Progress at present Barangay 694, along with the rest of Malate, is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment in Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos, and novelty stores opening for business. V. Life Activities 1. Social Structure: Social status of the residents Barangay 694 is a quiet middle-class area with several houses and apartments for students enrolled at nearby universities. Consequentially, the area is fairly tight-knit. At several community visits, the local residents displayed evident familiarity with those who live among them.In fact, it can be said that everyone knows everyone at Barangay 694. 2. Favorite pastime and recreation Because of wel l-maintained social ties, local residents enjoy doing recreational activities with their families, friends or neighbors. When asked what special activities they did during their pastime, respondents from the area said that they liked going to parks, playing bingo, organizing outings, visiting nearby malls, and perhaps, going out of town. Moreover, a typical Saturday and Sunday night for residents of Barangay 694 would consist of going to the church and, afterwards, watching late-night TV shows.Younger residents, meanwhile, said that they’d rather surf the Web, open their Facebook or Twitter accounts or play video games. 3. Groups and organizations The community has only one major organization, which is the local barangay council. Barangay 694’s elected barangay officials have the responsibility of carrying out the following tasks: (1) formulating measures to eliminate the use of illegal drugs; (2) maintaining the cleanliness and beautification of the area; (3) promotin g peace and order; (4) promoting the well-being of omen in the community; (5) promoting youth rights; and (6) maintaining barangay-owned properties and infrastructures. VI. Complex of Values 1. Core values of the community, that is, those that are generally accepted in society Barangay 694, being a tight-knit community, generally accepts these four core values: honesty, cooperation, a sense of responsibility, and righteousness. These values are considered to be the key to creating harmonious relationships. Honesty came in first in the list as most local residents consider it to be the most valuable trait one can possess. A dishonest man will know and bring nothing but trouble,† says Ronaldo Dela Cruz, 56, a lifelong Barangay 694 resident. Meanwhile, cooperation is also a cherished value in the community. Because of its small population, Barangay 694 expects its residents to participate in community development projects such as street cleaning, tree planting, etc. The spirit of bayanihan ensures that ties among residents are rekindled and reinforced. Accompanying cooperation is a sense of responsibility. Community members should be self-aware. They must be able to look after themselves and perform their obligations as citizens of the Republic.Last but not the least is righteousness. As observed, Barangay 694 holds quite high moral standards. A local resident must be morally upright. He or she must be able to hold and maintain a good reputation. Otherwise, he or she would not be warmly welcomed into the community. 2. Aim values of the community, that is, those options that society allows its members Barangay 694 gives its residents the full freedom to make decisions they thing will best suit their wants and needs – so long as these decisions will not harm or offend other people.While many local residents are still quite conservative in that distinct Filipino way, they are quite open to progressive ideas like the implementation of the RH Law, K-12 ed ucation (while prevalent in other countries, K-12 education is still quite new to Filipinos), and the passing of Freedom of Information Bill. 3. Attitudes and sense of values Overall, Barangay 694 residents are upbeat, friendly, and warm people. They are generally well-mannered and will go out of their way to help others. They uphold traditional Filipino values and strive to uphold them in their daily lives.All of which makes Barangay 694 a very nice place to live in. VII. Impact of the world outside 1. Inflow of ideas, goods, special forms, moral codes, new modus vivendi et operandi from the outside world to the community Barangay 694 keeps abreast of the current happenings through various mediums. Among these mediums are newspapers, television, radio, and the Internet (particularly, social media). Local residents are well-informed and are keen to follow both national and international events. They are also aware of recent popular culture trends.

How to Learn Multiplication Timestables in 21 Days

How to Learn Multiplication Timestables in 21 Days Lets face it, when you dont know your times tables, it slows down your progress in math. Some things you just have to know and committing the times tables to memory is one of them. Today, were in an information age, information is doubling faster than it ever used to and our math teachers no longer have the luxury of assisting us to learn the times tables. In case you havent noticed, the math curriculum is much larger than it ever was. Students and parents are now left with the task of helping to commit the times tables to memory. So lets get started: Step 1 First of all, you will need to be able to skip count or count by a certain number. For instance 2,4,6,8,10 or 5, 10, 15, 20, 25. Now you will need to use your fingers and  skip counting. Remember back in grade 1 when you used to use your fingers to count to 10? Now youll need them to skip-count. For example, use your fingers to count by 10. First finger or thumb is 10, second is 20, third is 30. Therefore 1 x 10 10, 2 x 10 20 and so on and so forth. Why use your fingers? Because its an effective strategy. Any strategy that improves speed with your tables is worth using! Step 2 How many skip counting patterns do you know? Probably the 2s, 5s and 10s. Practice tapping these out on your fingers. Step 3 Now youre ready for the doubles. Once you learn the doubles, you have the counting up strategy. For instance, if you know that 7 x 7 49, then youll count up 7 more to quickly determine that 7 x 8 56. Once again, effective strategies are almost as good as memorizing your facts. Remember, you already know the 2s, 5s and 10s. Now you need to concentrate on 3x3, 4x4, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8 and 9x9. Thats only committing 6 facts to memory! Youre three-quarters of the way there. If you memorize those doubles, youll have an effective strategy to quickly obtain most of the remaining facts! Step 4 Not counting the doubles, you have the 3s, 4s, 6s, 7s and 8s. Once you know what 6x7 is, youll also know what 7x6 is. For the remaining facts (and there arent many) you will want to learn by skip-counting, in fact, use a familiar tune while skip counting! Remember to tap your fingers (just as you did when  counting) each time you skip count, this enables you to know which fact youre on. When skip counting by 4s and when youve tapped on the fourth finger, youll know that its the 4x416 fact. Think of Mary Had A Little Lamb in your mind. Now apply 4,8, 12, 16, (Mary had a....)and continue on! Once youve learned to skip-count by 4s as easily as you can by 2s, youre ready for the next fact family. Dont worry if you forget the odd one, you will be able to fall back on your doubling strategy and counting up. Remember, being able to do math well means having great strategies. The above strategies will help you learn the times tables. However, you will need to commit daily time to these strategies to learn your tables in 21 days. Try some of the following: Each day when you wake up, skip count the fact family youre working on.Each time you walk through a doorway, skip count again (silently)Each time you use the washroom, skip count!Each time the phone rings, skip count!During every commercial when youre watching TV, skip count! When you go to bed each night, skip count for 5 minutes.If you stick it out, youll have your tables memorized in 21 days!Here are a few multiplication tricks to help you. Try these worksheets which are developed to correspond to the correct way of learning your multiplication tables.

Essay on Fundamentals of Corporate Finance

Essay on Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essay on Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essay on Fundamentals of Corporate FinanceThe development of the modern banking industry raises a number of challenges and issues concerning the stable performance of banks and their investment attractiveness. The economic recession and mortgage crisis of 2008 have raised apprehensions of investors and their uncertainty about many banks, which used to be quite reliable and stable, including behemoths of the industry. In this regard, I would conduct the detailed analysis of my bank from the standpoint of an investor rather than a customer. In fact, the analysis of the bank’s position and attractiveness for investors takes into consideration multiple perspectives, which help to determine not only the current position of the bank but also its further performance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that my bank was operating in both deposit and investment sectors and it has proved to be quite successful in both o f them, although the investment sector became too challenging for the bank, especially in light of new government regulations that stimulated the bank to focus on deposit branch only (Pine Gilmore, 2009). In such a way, the bank focuses on deposit business only and attempts to attract more customers. The past success of the bank and relatively high interest rate make the bank attractive for customers. Therefore, investors should also consider the possibility of the investment into the bank.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, investors, should take into consideration the fact that the bank offers a high interest rate to attract more customers but the increasing number of customers raises the question of the capitalization of the bank and its further ability to pay customers the interest rate it has already promised to them. The failure of the bank to pay off the interest rate to customers will put under a question the further ability of the bank to survive in the m arket, unless the bank reaches the high level of profitability and its projects turn out to be extremely successful. Nevertheless, at the moment, it is obvious that the bank will have to decrease its interest rate to balance its financial performance and to retain its attractiveness for investors. Otherwise, investors will grow concerned about the financial performance of the bank in the future and its ability to keep maintaining its financial performance at the current level.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, the bank has substantial financial resources, which it has drawn from its investment branch. The bank shifts its financial resources into deposit business to enhance its market performance and to expand its market share. The available financial resources enhance the position of the bank because customers can feel to be secure enough as their deposits are safe and the bank has sufficient financial resources to cover current risks (McDaniel, Martin, Maines, 2002). At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the bank is not inclined to a risky business behavior. On the contrary, the bank attempts to secure its position in the industry and customers feel being confident in the bank. Therefore, the bank is also attractive for investors.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, after the shift toward deposit baking instead of investment banking, the bank has got rid of the unprofitable part of its business. Therefore, the bank has managed to optimize its organizational structure and financial performance. As the bank refused from its investment branch, its financial losses have dropped, whereas the deposit business was traditionally profitable for the bank (Parrino, 2006). This is why, at the moment, the bank has the possibility to expand its market share at cost of refusing from short-run profits and offering a higher interest rate to customers. In such a way, the bank expands its market share attracting mo re and more customers from its potential rivals in the industry. In such a way, at the moment, the bank demonstrates its readiness to invest into the further growth of the bank that makes it very attractive for investors.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the focus of the bank on the market expansion is another positive signal for investors because it implies that the bank is concerned with its further growth. The growth of the bank can bring profits to investors. On the other hand, the market growth can also bring negative outcomes, if the market expansion strategy of the bank fails. However, at the moment, there are no signs of the decline or deterioration of the marketing and financial performance of the bank. On the contrary, the positive dynamics of the bank’s business developments is a positive signal for investors that means that the bank is worth investing.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, the bank is attractive at the moment, but s till its marketing strategy involving the high interest rate, which are attractive for customers, is risky. In this regard, investors, who are ready to take a risk to obtain higher profits, should invest into the bank, whereas investors, who are ready to take such risks, should not invest into the bank.

Nitrogen (N2)â€Its Discovery, Danger and Uses

Nitrogen (N2)- Its Discovery, Danger and Uses Nitrogen is the primary gas in the atmosphere. It makes up 78.084 percent by volume in dry air, and that makes it the most common gas in the atmosphere. Its atomic symbol is N and its atomic number is 7.   The Discovery of Nitrogen   Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772. He was a Scottish chemist and a physician with a passion for understanding gases, and he owed his discovery to a mouse. When Rutherford placed the mouse in a sealed, enclosed space, the mouse naturally died when its air ran low. He then attempted to burn a candle in the space. The flame didnt fare well either. He tried phosphorous next with much the same result.   He then forced the remaining air through a solution that absorbed the carbon dioxide that remained in it. Now he had air that was devoid of both oxygen and carbon dioxide. What remained was nitrogen, which Rutherford initially called noxious or phlogisticated air. He determined that this remaining gas was expelled by the mouse before it died.   Nitrogen in Nature   Nitrogen is a part of all plant and animal proteins. The nitrogen cycle is a pathway in nature that transforms nitrogen into usable forms. Although much of the fixation of nitrogen occurs biologically, such as with Rutherfords mouse, nitrogen can be fixed by lightning as well. Its colorless, odorless and tasteless.   Everyday Uses for Nitrogen You may regularly consume traces of nitrogen because its often used to preserve foods, particularly those that are prepacked for sale or sold in bulk. It delays oxidative damage- rotting and spoiling- by itself or  when combined with carbon dioxide. Its also used to maintain pressure in beer kegs.   Nitrogen powers paintball guns. It has a place in making dyes and explosives.   In the health care field, its widely used in pharmacology and is commonly found in antibiotics. Its used in X-ray machines and as an anesthetic in the form of nitrous oxide. Nitrogen is used to preserve blood, sperm and egg samples.   Nitrogen as a Greenhouse Gas Compounds of nitrogen, and particularly nitrogen oxides NOx, are considered greenhouse gases. Nitrogen is used as a fertilizer in soils, as an ingredient in industrial processes, and is released during the burning of fossil fuels.   Nitrogens Role in Pollution   Sharp rises in the number of nitrogen compounds measured in the air began surfacing during the Industrial Revolution. Nitrogen compounds are a primary component in the formation of ground-level ozone. In addition to causing respiratory problems, nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere contribute to the formation of acid rain. Nutrient pollution, a major environmental problem in the 21st century, results from excess nitrogen and phosphorous accumulated in water and air. Together, they promote underwater plant growth and algae growth, and they can destroy water habitats and upset ecosystems when theyre allowed to proliferate unchecked. When these nitrates find their way into drinking water- and this sometimes occurs- it presents health dangers, particularly for infants and the elderly.

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and a Charismatic Leader - Assignment Example Charismatic leadership delegates authority and can exert great influence on the attitude and performance of the team through their personality and charm. They use body language and facial expressions in order to appeal to the emotions of employees and persuade them in high commitment to work (Yukl, 2001). In contrast, transformational leadership is based on a specific view of the future based on passion and energy. These leaders seek to persuade and consider the feelings of persons and encourage their participation in decision making. Great enthusiasm and energy of transformational leaders inspire employees to implement new changes and new goals into practice. The ability to motivate and inspire employees is a core for the transformational leader. In order to achieve optimal goals he/she takes into account: motivation, reward, and commitment. In contrast to charismatic leaders "transformational leaders stimulate their followers' efforts "to be innovative and creative by questioning a ssumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways" (Stone, et al, 2004). 2. Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory defines three bases of leadership: relationships, power, and task. The core of this approach is to think of employees a leader works and then to score this employee on a range of scales including positive factors and negative factors. Fiedler distinguishes two types of LPC leaders: high and low leaders. It means that high LPC leaders score their employees positively while low LPC leaders see their subordinates more negatively. On these assumptions, Fiedler concludes that it is common for high LPC leaders to have positive relationships with employees and support them in achieving corporate goals while low LPC leaders do not support their subordinates putting takes and demanding the work will be done properly without personal participation. If leaders do not have good relations with employees, they can change the nature of communication with subordinates.

Criminal Law Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Law Cases - Essay Example In the case of Johnson v. Texas, the appellant shot dead his accomplice Lean Freeman after an argument in which the offender was demanding his illegitimate money. The trial court had sentenced the offender to seventy-seven years for a crime of murder, but in his appeal, the defendant pointed out three mistakes committed by the trial court. He requested the appellate court to reverse the ruling of the trial court against overruling defendants request for lesser included offense charges, ineffective assistance of counsel and prosecutorial misconducts. The appellant requested the lesser included charge of involuntary manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide by adding that his acts were in self-defense. The appellate court examined the issues under Royster test and decided that the appellant acted voluntarily and consciously with intent to cause harm to the victim. The appellate claim of self-defense was irresponsible because he took time to load the gun and shoot the victim. The c laim that defendant acted in self-defense cannot be substantiated because there was no evidence of any assault caused by the victim or any confirmation that he carried a gun with him (Pearson Education Inc., 2012). Furthermore, involuntary manslaughter would require a person to act involuntarily and recklessly. However, the appellant was not reckless considering the time he took to load the gun and point it at the victim after they had an argument. His actions were planned carefully after the argument.

Quality Safety and Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quality Safety and Management - Coursework Example These regulations lay out the duties of all the stakeholders in the construction process, ranging from the clients, designers as well as, putting more emphasis on the CDM coordinator. Generally, issues pertaining construction industry have become of grave concern to the public in totality. For instance, it has been noted that there has been much discussion in the construction industry about the duties and powers that the CDM Coordinator currently has, and what changes to those powers could improve the effectiveness of the CDM Regulations to achieve their high level aims. More evidently, research has hinted that the UK construction industry suffers from numerous problems, not least of which is its reputation for not meeting clients’ needs. This paper seeks to analyze these two connotations with a view to make clear the recommendations for the issues. Research and evaluation Since the formulation of new regulations, researchers have sought to highlight the state of affairs of th e construction industry with an intention to bring into focus their perspective on the issue of challenges facing the construction industry as it stands today. With introduction of the CDM coordinator, a turn of events was expected. ... Notably, performance of the construction industry has been rated on the cost, quality and the time involved. According to Hunt, Robitaille and Villiams (2008) following fragmented nature of the industry there has been poor communication between the stakeholders involved in a construction project and the CDM coordinator. Investigations into the matter has revealed that, the changes previously established have never been implemented implying that the construction industry has been on the verge of resisting change (Crosby, 2004). It has also been established that although clients were the main parties in instigating change in the construction industry, they were rarely involved in the governance of the sector and also there was the need for proper communication between the clients and the contractors, and the coordinator (CIRIA, 1999). Rethinking Construction pointed out on the need for adoption of mechanisms that will guarantee quality and efficiency in the UK construction industry. Th ey identified the major drivers for the proposed change as committed leadership, better focus on the customer, Integration of systems and teams, having a quality driven agenda as well as, committed people (CIRIA, 1999). Another study revealed that, the output of the UK industry rose to a considerable level prompting a rise in the standards within the sector (CIRIA, 1999). According to a report by market and the chartered institute of purchasing, in spite of increased activity in the construction sector new forms of work and employment still stood at low margins (Chau and Lai, 1994). As indicated the construction purchasing managers index (CPI) stood at 50.9 mark in October, 2012

Finance Analysis of Jones Limited(small, specialist marine engineering Coursework

Finance Analysis of Jones Limited(small, specialist marine engineering company based in Aberdeen) - Coursework Example Payback period for the investment of  £250,000 needed to generate the earnings of  £125,000 Thus, will be 250,000 à · 125,000 = 2 years In another approach, Net Present Values of Profit Streams to be received in next 3 years and 5 years can be calculated to see if they are positive. New investment needed is  £250,000. If the same debt/equity ratio for financing the project i.e 50% each is considered then debt burden will be  £125,000 and that will incur 8% interest charge. The interest charge comes to  £10,000. Since the dividend declared is 16%, weighted average cost of capital employed can be taken as arithmetic mean of debt and equity for both being equal in magnitude. Thus, the cost of capital to the company for this new project is 12% amounting to  £30,000 per year. The cost of capital needs to be deducted from the yearly earnings to arrive at the net cash flow to the company and that amounts to 125,000-30,000=  £95,000 However, the net profit of the operation after interest charge comes to 125,000-10,000=115,000 The depreciation of the plant and equipment is calculated on straight line method considering its useful life of 5 years. That is calculated as  £250,000/5=  £50,000. Thus, net profit to the company after charging interest, and depreciation is  £65,000. Development cost of  £25,000 can be apportioned as per the laws towards its useful life; however, in absence of the details, we right now assume it to apportion in 5 years. Thus, development cost for each year comes to ?5,000 and can be deducted from the net profit of ?65,000. Thus, actual net profit is ?60,000. However, depreciation is not creating any cash outflow though dividend on the equity is an out flow for the company. So net cash generated to the company is ?90,000 only. (Adding depreciation of ?50,000 back to the net profit and deducting dividend of ?20,000 at the rate of 16% on equity of ?125,000) Assuming Demand Will Last for 3 Years The forecast is that the demand will last for only 3 years due to the advancement in technology, which means net cash flow of ?90,000 will be available to company for three years only. It will be appropriate to know the present worth of the cash flow generated based on the discounting factor of 12% (equivalent to the weighted average cost o f capital), and the same can be given as 90,000/1.12+ 90,000 /1.122+ 90,000/1.123 =80,357+71,747+64,060 =?216,164 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. (A) Assuming Demand Lasts For Full 5 Years of Equipment Life If the demand lasts for full 5 years to make a full utilization of equipment and machinery installed then the cash flow of ?90,000 will be generated for five years until the useful life of equipment and

Assignment3-552 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment3-552 - Essay Example The legal reason is the school district faces liability charges against it. 4. When Principal Warren meets with the superintendent he tell him that evaluation of all the teachers was already been done while this is particularly not true. He could have given the correct details to the superintendent. 5. Another thing that he does that can be termed as an error is when he substitutes the sick biology teacher with a parent. He does this without taking into consideration that there is need to be qualified and proper replacement process that is supposed to be followed (Sharma, 2009). 7. The principal does not go through the proper procedure that is supposed to be taken in a case where a teacher is being subbed. He should have made sure that the sub’s credentials are checked and she is briefed on how far the class had gone through syllabus. 8. It is also not allowed to hire any teaching staff without the consultation of the Board of Governors. Principal Warren would have made sure that he did this before seeking a sub for the biology teacher. 10. When he goes to evaluate one of the teachers he only stays for 20 minutes and then leaves never to come again. This period is far below the period that is recommended for the observation of teachers. 11. He approves a trip for a class to go to a factory without waiting for parents to sign the permission forms. The reason that he gives is that the same class had recently visited the zoo. However, these are two different trips and permissions should be sought for every trip. 13. The other thing that he does is suspending a student over the allegations that he had punched the Board President’s daughter (International Conference on Education and Educational Technology & Wang, 2011). 15. Despite knowing that the students are supposed to be in class for the first lesson, he does nothing when he finds Bill

Wealth Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wealth Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the context of wealth management, one is able to positively impact the world from a professional working environment.   It is by participating in investment deals that will manage wealth by finding deals and assessing them. It is by way of formulating a strategy that will enable identification of the correct business venture. The first step is to understand ones intended positive contribution and choosing an approach that corresponds to the desired contribution. The understanding will be by way of distinguishing the various impacts and the investment approach that will lead to a positive contribution. From the author’s own professional point of view, he should be in a position to clearly define these possible positive contributions. It is by investing in ways that will attain a positive environmental and social contribution and impact. The investment should avoid any negative any environmental and social impact by using pra ctices that are responsible. The second initiative is to determine ways of relationship building  with the people who might be affected by the investment. It is important because one is able to know their point of view and opinion on the matter. This consultation will enable proper planning on ways of undertaking the investment so that it positively impacts on them. Thirdly is to recognize the risk the investment can cause. It enables identifying an appropriate investment strategy. Knowing the preference and the issues to be targeted is important in assessing the risk the investment has to the people around.

Assignment3-552 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment3-552 - Essay Example The legal reason is the school district faces liability charges against it. 4. When Principal Warren meets with the superintendent he tell him that evaluation of all the teachers was already been done while this is particularly not true. He could have given the correct details to the superintendent. 5. Another thing that he does that can be termed as an error is when he substitutes the sick biology teacher with a parent. He does this without taking into consideration that there is need to be qualified and proper replacement process that is supposed to be followed (Sharma, 2009). 7. The principal does not go through the proper procedure that is supposed to be taken in a case where a teacher is being subbed. He should have made sure that the sub’s credentials are checked and she is briefed on how far the class had gone through syllabus. 8. It is also not allowed to hire any teaching staff without the consultation of the Board of Governors. Principal Warren would have made sure that he did this before seeking a sub for the biology teacher. 10. When he goes to evaluate one of the teachers he only stays for 20 minutes and then leaves never to come again. This period is far below the period that is recommended for the observation of teachers. 11. He approves a trip for a class to go to a factory without waiting for parents to sign the permission forms. The reason that he gives is that the same class had recently visited the zoo. However, these are two different trips and permissions should be sought for every trip. 13. The other thing that he does is suspending a student over the allegations that he had punched the Board President’s daughter (International Conference on Education and Educational Technology & Wang, 2011). 15. Despite knowing that the students are supposed to be in class for the first lesson, he does nothing when he finds Bill

Mountain Man Brewing Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mountain Man Brewing Co - Essay Example Mountain Man Lager will have to face the existing competition in new regions. Proven success with the blue-collar customer segment will help in identifying similar customer segment in new regions. Risk of losing or not establishing similar brand image in new markets amidst tough competition. Boost sales of Mountain Man Lager. Risk of not establishing market share as expected. Lack of knowledge of customers’ preferences in new markets. Roping in new distributors in the new regions will be a challenge. Increased distribution and logistics costs. Alternative two: Introduce new product line, Mountain Man Light in existing market targeting younger generations in the Eastern Central region of the US. Pros Cons Attract newer customer segment, which is already looking for products such as light beer. Risk higher costs versus profits initially. Capture diversified market segments through increased product lines. May not earn brand loyalty like MM Lager did, which might further affect b rand image of MM Lager. Improve market share while banking on existing brand image of Mountain Man. Loyalty could be due to Mountain Man Lager rather than MM Light. Disloyalty towards MM Lager by its customer segments. Workload on the smaller sales force. Competition from already existing brands that have better market share. Challenge of distributors’ acceptance of the new product. Huge competition from other companies in terms of variety, costs, and brands. Recommendation: Based on the information and data, better option for improving profitability of MMBC would be to expand their core brand, Mountain Man Lager, into other markets within the US. The Mountain Man Lager had occupied 70% s off-premise sales in East Central Region and almost 60% of blue collar males were the purchasers from these locations (Abelli, 3). To earn such market presence and earning distributors in new regions would be a challenge, for which existing sales force can be mobilized to use their expertise to get more off-premise locations to sell Mountain Man Lager in other states. Establishing similar brand image in new markets can be accomplished by using MMBC’s brand image and history of success to convince new distributors and off-premise owners. Some amount of market research would help in identifying customer preferences in new regions, and promotion of Mountain Man Lager can be focused on such customer segments. Distributors and/or off-premise locations in regions that contain better concentration of the suitable customer segments would be ideal target market for Mountain Man Lager in new regions. Moreover, Mountain Man Lager’s flavor, price, and quality will be able to counter competition from existing brands in new regions. This is because this product already established itself amidst competition from imported and craft beer products in East Central Region (Abelli, 4). Mountain Man Lager can be considered as the defensible strategy for MMBC, which was not cou ntered by other products serving this customer segment in the East Central Region for more than 50 years. In this region, the issue was with increasing customer segments that preferred other beer product categories (light beer), which posed a threat to the

Twains View on Violence and Superstition Essay Example for Free

Twains View on Violence and Superstition Essay Twain reflects violence and superstition Hucks experiences. These views are coming from pre-Civil War events through the experinces of southern life at the time. Huck views superstition from what he learns Jim. Violence can be seen throughtout Hucks many adventures, before and after he fakes his death. These views can be seen through Hucks reactions. Violence seemsto be the most reaccuring event throughout many of Hucks adventures. His father is an abusive drunk. I think Twain uses Hucks father as a representative of the worst in white society. Paps violence toward Huck shows that before the Civil War, Twain believes whites treated everyone with hate equaly no matter if the are black, white, or family. Huck could have, at any moment left his father, but I guess Twain views violence as somthing that can be tolerated for acceptance or lack there of. Twain also views violence something to sympathize with during the pre-Civil war era. In a number of events Huck disagrees or feels bad for those treated violently. Even if the violence was justified or not. Huck felt bad for the man tied up on the wrecked ship, so he trapped the ones causing the violence and went for the authorities. Huck also feels bad for the Duke and the Dauphin, even though they deserved to be tared and feathered or some other form of violoent punishment. Twains views on violence seems to me to contridict themselves. Going as far as faking ones death to escape violence and yet also sympathyzing with those who are treated with violence and yet they are deserving of it in any way, shape, or form. Superstition seems to be something that before the Civil War, only slaves acted upon superstition. Huck learns about supertions from Jim while they are on their island. Jim informs Huck that things are given to those who are deserving. Twain really doesnt reflect on this good or bad. Only considering that Huck learns many leasons from playing superstitous related tricks on Jim. Jim gets what is owed to him only after his owners death and having gone through, what Tom views as a romantic game, but a life or death situation for Jim revealing to Huck that in fact that things are given back to those who are deserving. These events, superstition and violence have contributed to Twains view of pre-Civil War southern life as seen throughout his novel and the experinces of Huckleberry Finn.

Beta Thalassemia: Causes and Treatments

Beta Thalassemia: Causes and Treatments Thalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disease that affects the bodys ability to produce haemoglobin, the protein that red blood cells use to carry oxygen. It reduces the rate of production of globin chains that make up haemoglobin, which are either alpha (ÃŽÂ ±) chain or beta(ÃŽÂ ²) chain. Beta-Thalassemia Major disorder occurs when both the beta globin chain are affected by mutation or deletion, resulting in the abnormalities in the formation, size and shape of red blood cell. Patients suffering from beta-thalassemia have to endure the pain from severe anemia, fatigue, enlarged spleen, and also bone problems besides jaundice. Thalassemia is found in almost every country worldwide, however it is more commonly found in Mediterranean and Asians. The data from the National Thalassemia Registry shows that currently there are 4,768 thalassemia patients registered in Malaysia. Based on the screening conducted by Ministry of Health, the carrier rate averages at about 5 %, which means about one in 20 Malaysians carry the thalassemia gene. The diagram attached in the next page shows an overview of the pathogenesis of ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia. Thalassemia can be treated and prevented by many different screening test and treatments. However, thalassemia is not curable yet. So, what are the current available treatments to help relieve the disorder symptoms? A POSSIBLE SOLUTION The treatment for thalassemia depends on the severity of the conditions. For example, people who are carriers or have a mild ÃŽÂ ± or ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia trait which usually does not have any symptoms, need little or no treatment. People with moderate and severe condition of thalassemia need treatments as soon as possible or else they are under dangerous situation that can cause fatal. BLOOD TRANSFUSION As the red blood cells of thalassemic patients are little and not healthy, it couldnt carry out its normal function of carrying oxygen efficiently which may cause the patient to have difficulties in breathing and other related problems. Therefore, the most effective treatment for these patients is blood transfusion therapy. Blood transfusion therapy is the main treatment for thalassemic patient. It is given through a needle into the vein, which gives healthy red blood cells with normal haemoglobin. Since the lifespan of the red blood cell for thalassemic patient is less than 120 days, the patient requires a regular blood transfusion. A person with moderate thalassemia needs blood transfusion when the body is under stress such as during infections. However, people with major thalassemia, Cooleys anemia, need more regular blood transfusion which is every 2 to 4 weeks.9 Basically, there are reasons why thalassemic patients need regular red blood cells transfusion. First of all, it is to correct anemia and make sure that tissues get normal amount of oxygen and carry out body functions. It is proven by research done by the scientists and doctors, where a thalassemic patient who receives a regular transfusion could live up to 50years compared to the one not receiving any treatment whom could survive only unti l childhood. Regular transfusion also helps to keep the haemoglobin level near normal and the production of ineffective haemoglobin could be stopped.7,12 This treatment helps to improve childs growth and well-being and usually prevents heart failure. 1 The blood transfusion in thalassemic patients is not the same as normal blood transfusion. As we know, blood contains different types of components and this component has its advantage that the components are in small volumes with higher concentrations of a particular product for specific indications. Therefore, thalassemic patients are given packed red blood cells instead of whole blood to improve the oxygen carrying capacity.13 However, regular blood transfusion leads to another medical problem known as iron overload. Regular blood transfusion creates an excess of iron in the body because the haemoglobin in red blood cell is an iron rich protein. As there is no natural way of eliminating it from the body, it is stored primarily in spleen, liver, endocrine organs, and heart, and becomes toxic in tissues and organ. Iron overload can cause these organs to malfunction and damages it if untreated.14,15,16 In order to remove the iron overload, a therapy known as iron chelation is done. A test called serum ferritin test is carried out to determine the amount of iron in the body as it is an important iron-storage protein. Injections of Desferrioxamine (Desferal) is given to the patient 5-7 nights per week with 8-12 hours supply which is done during sleeping time. It is injected under the skin from a small pump. Desferal works by carrying out excess iron through urine.22 Thus, iron level in the body can be reduced. So, in conclusion, the main treatment for thalassemic patients is regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy as blood transfusion makes the iron stored in the body overloaded. However, one sad thing about what thalassemic patients undergoes is that they started doing this since they are infant and continues this painful treatment for the rest of their lives and endure the side effects of both treatment. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS People suffering from thalassemia seem to have some emotional and psychological problems that disturb their routine lives. As we know, the people suffering from thalassemia have certain physical symptoms such as enlarged spleen which makes the stomach looks big and the head of the patient would be slightly in oval shape as the diploetic fibres in skull extend from the internal lamina. This makes them feel awkward and shy to meet people and other people also might look at them in different way. Based on the experience of Noor Hafiza Noor Hamdan, 33 a thalassemic patient interviewed for The Star newspaper, she said that : Before this, I was shy and solemn, and I did not like to smileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. When people smile at me, I would ask myself, why? Maybe its because I have a sickness this lines are quoted from what she said in the interview. This shows that thalassemic patients lack of confidence and ashamed of themselves being in that condition, so they interact less with the public. This makes them feel lonely and leads to depression, another psychological disorder. Some people outside even discriminate them. Many thalassemic patients suffer in getting jobs besides being neglected by the parents and also the public. According to Pn. Noor Hafiza, she was not lucky with several other employers before working in a fast food outlet as she was not given the job opportunity after she showed her medical check-up which states that she has thalassemia.17 Some patients even tend to commit suicide as they couldnt cope with the pain and treatments that gives them more pain. Patients who couldnt cope with the treatment which requires not only money but also almost half of their hours in a day makes them think that its better to die rather than suffer and being a burden to the family. Besides that, they feel embarrassed by their limited ability to do things by their own. 4,19 On the other hand, economic implications also give a big impact to the patients life. Beta- thalassemia major patients require a regular blood transfusion of every 2 weeks, which cost them a lot of money. Not only transfusion, patients have to undergo many blood test and to be forgotten, the iron chelation therapy. Desferal is a controlled medicine that is very expensive medicine. This is one of the reasons why thalassemic patient couldnt continue their treatment. 1997 1998 (as from February) Thalassaemia association RM138.90 RM153.00 Goverment purchase (via Remedi) RM157.20 RM157.20 Pharmacy/clinic RM190.00 RM209.00 HUKM non-formulary purchase RM194.00 Customer purchase RM211.00 RM261.00 This research done by Prof. Elizabeth George shows the Desferals price increase from year 1997 to 1998, by 2009, the price had increased in the range of from RM500 to over RM1000 which is definitely not affordable for low class and middle class families. Thus, it becomes a financial burden to the family. As the patient gets older, the blood requirement increases as well as the Desferal. This directly increases the cost of living for a thalassemic patient. 20 There is no other way for the patients besides taking Desferal as without it, they have an average lifespan of only 20years only.5 WORD COUNT: 1463words BENEFITS AND RISK Benefits of blood transfusion are that it helps the body to have new and healthy red blood cell with normal haemoglobin. As we knew, thalassemic patients suffer from abnormal red blood cells with mutated or deleted haemoglobin, hence their red blood cells couldnt carry out its function and creates health problems such as the most severe ones is anemia. With this blood transfusion, a person could live longer to an average lifespan of 50years besides growing normally. Blood transfusion also helps the patients bones to form normally. As blood is given externally, the bone marrow does not have to work hard to produce red blood cell so it can concentrate on the formation of proper and normal bones. On the other hand, iron chelation helps to remove iron and prevents the organs like endocrine organs and liver from being damaged. 21 However, there are risks in both treatments. The most common risk of blood transfusion is infections and rejection. The patient has to get the same blood group in order to avoid rejection. There are chances of infection during transfusion either due to the blood itself or improper handling of the needle and syringe. Although a person receives regular Desferal, over time, the iron will be deposited in the spleen and liver and causes it to be damaged. Besides that, the patient has to cope with the side effects of both blood transfusion and Desferal which includes nausea, dizziness, and problems in hearing.22 ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION SPLENECTOMY Splenectomy is a surgical way of removing spleen. Old and damaged red blood cells are removed in the spleen. Since the red blood cells in a thalassemic patient are weakened, it is destroyed when passed through spleen. This makes the body to have fewer red blood cells. Removing spleen can help to lower the number of red blood cells that are lost, besides being removed due to the enlargement which causes pain to the patient. Splenectomy is done to patient above 11years old and after the removal, patient might need antibiotics to prevent infections as without spleen a person is more prone to infections. Patients can also get pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax) before the surgery to prevent infections.2 BONE MARROW STEM CELLTRANSPLANT Bone marrow transplant is another possible solution for thalassemia patient. The first successful transplant was performed in 1981 to a six-month baby from Italy.23 Bone marrow transplant involves the replacement of healthy stem cells as the patients stem cells are not producing healthy blood cells. The transplant procedure is similar to blood transfusion where it is infused through central nervous catheter. The stem cells migrate to the bones from the blood stream to stimulate the production of new bone marrow that migrates to the large cavities of bones and produce new blood cells.24 The most commonly used stem cell is the embryonic stem cell because it is easier to extract and have more advantage compared to adult stem cell as it is totipotent and not yet undergo differentiation and determination. 25 However, there are risks in getting stem cell transplant. First of all, risk of getting a suitable stem cell that matches the body to prevent rejections. Besides that, risk of infection is another problem during the process. According to Dr. Revathy Raj, Consultant Paediatric Haemato Oncologist, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Chennai, as the immune system will be lowered by immunosuppressant drug to reduce the risk of rejection, the body is now more prone to other infections.6,26 EVALUATION http://www.penthal.org/thalassaemia.htm is the website from a non-profit organization that aimed to give information about thalassemia not only to the patients but also to those who wants to know about it. In my opinion, this website is trustable and reliable as the information is factual and valid. This organization is an active group and always updated with latest new. Besides that, they are reviewed by some doctors and also origins from Penang, which means the information is more specific to Malaysians. It is also trustable as the basic informations on thalassemia given are the same as other resources used in this report such as http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/Thalassemia.htm , http://www.thalassemiapatientsandfriends.com/index.php?topic=1571.0 Information are also obtained from a paper cut : The Star Online, My blood is Different which is based on the personal experience of Noor Hafiza Noor Hamdan and some information from Ministry of Healths Thalassemia website, www.mytalasemia.net.my. The experience shared by the patient gives a lot of reliable information on treatments and their risks. The Ministry of Healths website is also very helpful in providing all kind of information by using videos and slides shows which makes it more clear and understandable. However, it gives only a brief and limited input regarding thalassemia as its main purpose is to provide brief information about this disease. It is hard to find any specific book related to thalassemia as the disease is still considered as new and unpopular in Malaysia. Most of the book sources that I referred are books related to genetics and pathology as thalassemia is related to both. However, the book, Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th Edition by Vinay Kumar and others as stated in bibliography is the most reliable and useful among all. The diagram taken from the book is very useful in explaining the pathogenesis of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia as it couldnt be found in any website I explored. Besides that, the explanations given in the book are also simple, clear and understandable. For example this sentence that describes about ÃŽÂ ² thalassemia: Î’-thalassemia, associated with total absence of ÃŽÂ ²-globin chain, and characterized by reduced synthesis of the chain in homozygous state. Genes obtained from thalassemic patients has revealed more than 100 different mutations responsible for it. Controlling Operative and Postoperative Pain | Literature Controlling Operative and Postoperative Pain | Literature Review of literature is a key step in research process. The literature review is to discover what has previously been done about the problem to be studied what remains to be done, what methods have been employed in other research and how the result of other research in the area can be combined to develop knowledge. It is essential step; it can be done before and after selecting the problem. It can help to determine what is already known about the topic (A.P.Jai, 2005). This chapter attempts to present a review of studies done methodology adopted and conclusion attained by earlier investigators which helps in this study. The sources are internet search, textbook, published journal, editorials published and unpublished thesis. In this chapter, the researcher presents the review of the literature under the following headings, Section-I: Studies related to importance of postoperative pain management. Section-II: Studies related to Using Numeric Rating Scale for pain Assessment. Section-III: Studies related to effectiveness of music therapy among General Surgical Patients. Section-IV: Studies related to Effectiveness of Music Therapy among Post Caesarean Mothers. Section-V: Studies related to Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965). Section-VI: Conceptual Framework Based on Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall (1965). SECTION-I: STUDIES RELATED TO IMPORTANCE OF POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT. Kolawole and Fawole, (2003) conducted a study on Postoperative pain management following caesarean section in University of llorin Teaching Hospital (UITH).llorin, Nigeria. Prospective descriptive design was used to assess the effectiveness of various common methods of analgesia used in hospital following caesarean section. This study was conducted over a period of 18 months. Pain assessment was carried out by 4-point Verbal Rating Scale of None, Mild, Moderate, and severe. The first 24hrs postoperatively was particularly painful for the patient with 79.6% and 54.6% reporting moderate to severe pain in the recovery room and day 1 respectively. They concluded that the pain remains a significant problem following surgical operation in our environment. (PMID.15008293) Seers and Carroll, (1998) conducted a study on Relaxation techniques for acute pain management. They were used a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and seven studies involving 362 patients were included. Three of the seven studies demonstrated significantly less pain sensation or pain distress in those who had relaxation, four studies did not detect any difference. It was concluded that the well designed and executed randomized controlled trials are needed before the clinical use of relaxation in acute pain management can be firmly underpinned by good quality research evidence. So we can recommend that the relaxation in acute pain settings is carefully evaluated and not used as the main treatment for the pain management. SECTION-II: STUDIES RELATED TO USING NUMERIC RATING SCALE FOR PAIN ASSESSMENT. Yaakov Beilin, Jabera Hossain, and Carol, (2009) conducted a study on Numeric Rating Scale and Labor Epidural Analgesia, in this study a Numeric Rating Scale(NRS) used to evaluate pain in research studies, they define desire for additional analgesic medication as a clinically relevant outcome in research studies about pain and compare it with the results of the NRS. A post hoc analysis of three studies that conducted previously in concerning labor epidural analgesia was performed. In all three studies, score was obtained before and 15 min after analgesia. They found that the very few patients (2%) with a score of 0-1 wanted more medication. When the score was 2 or 3, 51% of the patients wanted more medication, and score was >3, almost all patients (93%) wanted more medication. Grouping the final NRS scores into 3 categories (0 or 1, 2 or 3, and >3) is more useful to the clinician than using individual NRS scores. Cinzia Brunelli, (2009) did a study on Comparison of Numerical and Verbal Rating Scales to measure pain exacerbations in patients with chronic Cancer pain. Crosses sectional multicentre study conducted on a sample of 240 advanced cancer patients with pain, background pain and BP were measured by 6-point VRS and 11 point NRS. In order to evaluate the reproducibility of the two scales, a subsample of 60 patients was randomly selected and the questionnaire was administered for a second time three to four hours later. The proportion of inconsistent evaluations was calculated to compare the two scales capability in discriminating between background and peak pain intensity and Cohens K was calculated to compare their reproducibility. It concludes that NRS revealed higher discriminatory capability than VRS in distinguishing between background and peak pain intensity with a lower proportion of patients giving inconsistent evaluations (14% vs. 25%) (Cohens K of 0.86 for NRS vs 0.53 for VRS) while the reproducibility of the two scales in evaluating background pain was similar (Cohens K of 0.80 vs. 0.77). Nathalie Dieudonne, Alexandra Gomola, Philippe Bonnichon, and Yves M.Ozier, (2008) conducted a study on Prevention of postoperative pain after thyroid surgery. In this study double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial used to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus blocks performed at the end of surgery. Ninety patients were randomized to receive 20 mL isotonic sodium chloride or 20 mL bupivacaine 0.25% with 1:200,000 epinephrines. Postoperative pain was assessed every 4 h using an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS-11). All patients received acetaminophen every 6 h. In addition, morphine was administered following a standardized protocol if the NRS-11 score was à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4. The main outcome variables were pain scores (NRS-11), the proportion of patients given morphine at any time during the 24-h period, and the amount of morphine administered. The Bupivacaine group had a smaller proportion of patients given morphine (66.0% vs 90.0%; P = 0.016), and lower initial median pain scores (P = 0.002). SECTION-III: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY AMONG GENERAL SURGICAL PATIENTS. Sigma Theta Tau International, (2009) conducted a study to assess and compare the effect of music therapy on postoperative pain of patient undergone elective abdominal surgery. A quasi-experimental design was used and convenient samples of 30 (15 in each expcontrol group). Pain was measured by Verbal Rating Scale. Music therapy was given as per patients wish to experimental group and intensity of pain was monitored before and immediately after recovery from anesthesia, during the 1st and 2nd postoperative day for both the groups. Results revealed that those patients who listened to self selected music tapes had significant differences (p Tse MM.Chan Me. Benzie, (2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of music therapy on postoperative pain and analgesic use following nasal surgery. Sample size was 57 patients (24females33 males) who were matched for age and sex and then non-selectively assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Music was played intermittently to members of the experimental group during the first 24hrs postoperative period and pain intensity was measured by Verbal Rating Scales. It shows the significant decrease in pain intensity over time were found in the experimental group compared to the control group (p Nilsson, Unosson and Rawal, (2005) conducted a study on Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to calming music postoperatively. The randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy. Seventy-five patients undergoing hernia repair in day care surgery were allocated to three groups: intraoperative music, postoperative music and silence (control group). Patients postoperative pain, anxiety, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation were studied. The postoperative music group had less anxiety and pain and required less morphine after 1hr compared with the control group. The result concluded that intraoperative music may decrease postoperative pain, and that postoperative music therapy may reduce anxiety, pain and morphine consumption. SECTION- IV: STUDIES RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY AMONG POST CAESAREAN MOTHERS. Arastirma TAF pre Med Bull, (2009) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy on postoperative pain after Caesarean section. The sample size was 100 and randomly allocated into two groups (50 in each group).Group 1, patients listened to music through a headphone for 1hour immediately before surgery where as in group-2, not listen to any music during the same period. In the postanaesthesia care unit patients were connected to I.V. PCA device when they were able to respond to commands. The patients level of satisfaction with perioperative care was assessed by a 10cm Visual Analogue Scale and the severity of postoperative pain was assessed by VAS. The results shows that the postoperative tramadol consumption, total amount of tramadol consumption, additional analgesic use and all VAS values were lower in group-1(p Amin Ebneshahidi, and Masood Mohseni, (2008) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of patient selected music on early postoperative pain, anxiety and Hemodynamic profile in Caesarean section. The sample size was 80 who were undergoing elective C.S.surgery enrolled randomly to listen 30 minutes of music or silence by head phones postoperatively. Pain and Anxiety were measured with visual Analogue Scale. Results says that the pain score and postoperative cumulative opioid consumption were significantly lower among patients in the music group (p SECTION-V: STUDIES RELATED TO GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN Marial, (2007) did a study to assess the effectiveness of back massage on pain during first stage of labour among mothers in selected maternity centre at tirupur. 60 samples were selected by using convenient sampling method for the study (experimental group-30 and control group-30). Experimental group received massage were as the control group did not. She used Melzack pain gate control theory for conceptual frame work. Data was collected using behavioral intensity and visual analogue scale. The statistical calculation done was frequency mean, SD, chi-square andt test. The result of the study shows that massage is a cost effective nursing intervention that can decreases the pain perception during labour. Jacintha, (1995) did a study on the effect of back massage during the first stage of labour. She divided the samples in to two groups of 30 each. The experimental group received back massage for 10 minutes per hour. She used non participatory observation technique to observe the maternal behavioral every hour. She used Melzack pain gate control theory for conceptual frame work. The experimental group was interviewed regarding their experience and feelings of back massage before shifting them to the post natal ward. 100% of mothers remembered massage given to them during labour, with feeling of comfortable in 76.66% and relaxed in 43.33%. All the mothers were of the opinion that all mothers in labour should be given back massage. Locsin, (1981) did a study to assess the effectiveness of music on the pain of selected postoperative patients during first 48 hrs. The 24 female gynecology and/ obstetric patients were assign to two groups (control and experimental). The measurement of the experimental variable was done by an Overt Pain Reduction Rating Scale (OPRRS) which is devised by the writer. Significant differences were found between the groups of postoperative patients in their muscular-skeletal and verbal reactions during the first 58hr at the 0.05 level. The conceptual framework of the study was based on the concept of distraction following the Gate Control Theory of Pain by Melzack Wall (1965). The finding says that the music can be used as a nursing measure for postoperative patients. SECTION-VI: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON GATECONTROL THEORY OF PAIN (MELZACK AND WALL (1965) The conceptual frame work for the present study was derived from Gate Control Theory of Pain (Melzack and Wall, 1995) Application of Gate Control Theory of Pain Polit and Hungler, (1965) state that a conceptual framework is inter related concept on abstraction that is assembled together in some rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common scheme. It is a device that helps to stimulate research and the extension of knowledge by providing both direction and impetus. The present study was aimed at determining the effectiveness of music therapy on intensity of post operative pain among primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section. The conceptual frame work of this study was derived from gate control theory of pain. Gate Control Theory of Pain: Many theories of pain have been presented in the literature. These include specificity, pattern, affect and psychological/behavioral theory (Mander 1998). The most widely used and accepted theory is that of Melzack Wall (1965). These researchers have established that gentle stimulation actually inhibits the sensation of pain. Their gate control theory states that a neural or spinal gating mechanism occurs in the substantiate gelatinosa of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. The nerve impulses received by nociceptors, the receptors for pain in the skin and tissue of the body, are affected by the gating mechanism. It is the position of the gate that determines whether or not the nerve impulses travel freely to the medulla and the thalamus, thereby transmitting the sensory impulse or message, to the sensory cortex. The pain impulses will be carried out by the small diameter slow conducting A-delta and C fibers. Impulses traveled through small diameter fibers will open the pain gate and the person feels pain. Pain gate is also receiving impulses produced by stimulation of thermo receptors or mechanoreceptors transmitted via large diameter; myellindated A-delta fibers inhibit superimpose the small diameter impulses. (Myles -2003) If the gate is closed, there is little or no conduction, for example distraction, counseling and massage techniques are ways to release endorphins, which close the gate. This prevents or reduces the clients perception of pain (Freeman and Lawlis, 2001) If the gate is open, the impulses and messages pass and are transmitted freely. Therefore, when the gate is open, pain and sensation is experienced. (Potter and Perry, 2009) Many non pharmacological procedures such as hydrotherapy, music therapy (distraction), application of heat or ice, massage, vibration, TENS and movement stimulate the nerve endings connected with large diameter fibres which can produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate. Based on the principle of gate control theory, the following conceptual framework was developed. Method used to reduce intensity of postoperative pain is instrumental music which is composed by violin among Primipara mothers who had Caesarean Section. Stimulation of Pain Receptors: Surgical trauma of the uterus due to Caesarean Section stimulates pain receptors in lower abdomen and lumbar area of the back. In the control group there was more stimulation of pain receptors in these areas due to the close contact between the contracting uterus and abdominal and lower back structures. In case of experimental group(Music therapy), there was less stimulation of free nerve ending in the lower abdomen and lumbar area of back compared to the control group due to the distraction caused by music therapy. Travelling of Pain Impulses: Normally pain impulses are traveling through small short conducting A-delta and C fibres. Impulses from stimulation will be distracted by instrumental music and decrease in pain perception produce a reduction of pain by closing the pain gate in experimental group. Gating Mechanism: Pain impulses after the Caesarean Section are transmitted through the spinal nerve segment of T11-12 and accessory lower thoracic and upper lower sympathetic nerves, which are traveled through (A-delta and C) small diameter and slow conducting amyelinated fibres and reach the pain gate and open the gate thus the mother perceives pain in the lower abdomen and lower back. Impulses reduced by music due to decreased in pain perception to travel through fast conducting myelinated A-delta fibres which impose small fibres and close the pain gate. SUMMARY This chapter dealt with the studies related to importance of postoperative pain management, application of music therapy and conceptual frame work based on gate control theory of pain.